Albert Einstein's E=mc2
Founder of the theory of relativity, or the relativity of time and space to matter and energy, this equation explained the vast energies contained within the atom.
Friedrich Nietzsche's
A German philosopher who believed that the strength that produces heroes and great artists springs from something beyond reason. He criticized Christianity and democracy for empowering the mediocrity of the sheeplike masses.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)
Impressionism
An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
Camille Pissarro and Claude Monet
Pissarro was a founder of Impressionism, and his aspirations are exemplified in the work of Monet where his fascination with water sought to capture the interplay of light, water, and atmosphere.
Post-Impressionism
An artistic movement that expressed world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy.
Paul Cezanne and Vincent van Gogh
C�zanne, after rejecting Impressionism, expressed the underlying geometric shapes in what he painted. Van Gogh was particularly interested in colors, and used it as a language of its own.
George Eastman
United States inventor of a dry-plate process of developing photographic film and of flexible film (his firm introduced roll film) and of the box camera and of a process for color photography (1854-1932)
Pablo Picasso and Cubism
A re-creator of reality, Picasso was important in the development of Cubism, which used geometric designs as visual stimuli to create a new reality.
Wassily Kandinsky and Abstract Expressionism
Avoiding any and all representation whatsoever, Kandinsky's work sought to speak to the soul, and concentrated on color.
Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring
His primitive style and search for the irrational forces within music came out strong in his most revolutionary piece, and its pulsating rhythms and sharp dissonances surprised and angered audiences.
the "suffragettes
Led by Emmeline Pankhurst, radical women's rights activist
the "new woman
doesn't rely on men to succeed. demanded education and a job. refused escorts and corsets. claimed the right to a physically and intellectually active life and refused to conform to standards for women of the time
Maria Montessori
Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.
Alfred Dreyfus
French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of anti-semitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906 (1859-1935)
Theodore Herzl
Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 760)
Zionism
a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine
David Lloyd George
He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
Russo-Japanese War
A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.
Bloody Sunday
1905, peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died
Peter Stolypin
(1862-1911) Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved education for enterprising peasants.
New Imperialism
Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. (p. 726)
white man's burden
idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized
Cecil Rhodes
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa
Boer War
either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881)
open door" policy
A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Commodore Matthew Perry
the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
Boxer Rebellion
A 1900 uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
The Balkans
a region in Southeast Europe that Russia and Austria-Hungary tried to dominate