Congress of Vienna
congress called by the Great Powers after Napoleon's defeat. They sought long-term stability as they drew new territorial boundaries and restored some of the rulers who had been overthrown; The Quadruple Alliance met, to discuss the Balance of Power. Grea
Great Reform Bill of 1832
British law that broadened the franchise and provided parliamentary seats for new urban areas that had not previously been represented; Britain's electoral system was antiquated because internal migrations to cities during industrializations had created
Chartism
19th century british political movement calling for universal male suffrage, electoral districts with equal population, salaries and the abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, the secret ballot, and annual general elections; the p
factory time
: rigid, "unnatural" work schedule under the factory system.;, Mechanical modes of production transformed the sense of time; they allowed work to be organized in long shifts that required discipline and rigid punctuality
urban disamenities
: rapid urbanization brought health and safety problems rather than amenities.
industrial proletariat
Karl Marx's term for the new class of industrial workers who owned none of the means of production and were dependent on factory owners for their livelihoods;class whose natural interest is assumed to be socialist; The class of industrial wage earners who
Factory Act of 1833
Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Outlawed child labor under 9-factory owners establish schools; set age and hour limits for workers and provided for government inspectors to enter mills to check on compliance with the la
utilitarianism
Political theory of Jeremy Bentham who argued that the purpose of government is to provide, " the greatest happiness to the majority" and that the test of government is its usefulness; belief that the principle of utility, or usefulness, was the standard
Seven years war
The first major war between European nations (Britain and France) started and fought largely in their overseas empires;, fought between England and France, 1756-1763; known as the French and Indian War in the colonies, it started in 1754, over control of
committee for Public Safety
The Convention established an executive body which was supposed to be answerable to them but it more and more started doing whatever it wanted; , Jacobins leaders Maximilien Roberpierre, Jean-Paul Marat, Georges Danton ; killing of 20,000 people in less t
socialism
19th century economic and social doctrine and political movement that advocated the social or state ownership of property in order to create a more just system; system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and ope
utopian socialism
type of socialism where they shared the idea that property should be owned in common and used for the common good. They also believed that society should rest on principles of cooperation rather than on competitive individualism; Philosophy introduced by
Marxism
The "scientific socialism" of Karl Marx and Freidrich Engles, which stated that the working class inevitably would revel against the captialists owners and build a communist society; the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels th
nationalism
belief that people derive their identity from their nation and owe it their primary loyalty. The criteria for nationhood typically included a common language, religion, and political authority, as well as common traditions and shared historical experience
social contract theory
A theory stating that the ruler and ruled enter into a contract, and if the ruler fails to honor the rights of the people, they can overthrow the ruler. written by Rousseau
decemberists
Group of Russian military officers, later viewed as martyrs, who led the unsuccessful December 1825 rebellion seeking to install a constitutional monarchy;first Russian revolutionaries who tried and failed in 1825 to overthrow tsarism and were exiled to I
Isaac Newton history
English Physicist mathematician and natural philosopher. His mathematical computation of the laws of gravity and planetary motion, which he combined with a fully developed theory of inerita; instrumental in advocating the american cause to france
Maximilien Robespierre
French lawyer and revolutionary leader, influential member of the Committee of Public Safety (1793 - 1794); advocated terror to suppress internal dissent.; "The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to bu
Reformation
a 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the Pope's authority.
freedom principle
a slave gains freedom upon reaching 'free land', Somerset Case (slaves could not be held against free will in England), Enlightenment brings decline of biblical justifications for racism and rise of natural science that encouraged classification
Scientific Revolution
an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method; , The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth c
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopher who argued in Leviathan that people are made up of mechanistic appetites and so need a strong ruler to govern them. However, he also envisioned citizens as potentially equal and constrained neither by morality nor by natural obedience
Enlightened despotism
Term for the reform oriented rule of eighteenth century monarchs. Enlightenment despots applied to enlightened remedies to economic problems and encouraged education and legal reforms, but did not dismantle elites' privileges or share their own power. Fre
Industrial revolution
A system of mass production of goods in which specialization, mechanization, and new sources of mineral energy made manufacturing efficient and profitable; The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory pro
Luddites
Organized groups of British workers who smashed machines that threatened their livelihood. The name comes from their mythical leader, General ned Ludd; , These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and a
liberalism
19th century economic and political theory that called for reducing government powers to a minimum. Liberals sought to eliminate state regulation of the economy and ensure a voice in government for men of property and education
Rene' Descartes
French Philosopher and mathematician who emphasized skepticism and deductive reasoning in his most influential treatise, Discourse on method. He offered the first alternative physical explanation of matter after the copernican revolution; , 17th century F
mercantilism
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests; an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold a
mechanistic worldview
17th century philosophical view that saw the world as a machine that functions in strict obedience to physical laws, without purpose or will; , Many scientists started to view the universe as a giant clock. Like any machine they believed, the universe was
absolutism
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.); , The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.
protoindustrialization
preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial revolution; putti
Thirty Year's war
Destructive war (1618 - 1648) involving most European countries but fought in Germany, resulting from religious tensions, regionalism versus centralizing forces, and dynastic and strategic rivalries between rulers; a religious war between the Catholics an
Peace of Westphalia
treaty that ended the Thrity Year's war in 1648. The principalitites within the Holy Roman Empire were recognized as virtually autonomous, severely weakening the power of the emperor. , (1648) is the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Year
Enlightenment
was an intellectual movement that brought confidence in human reason and the workings of natural law from the sciences into political and social thought
Adam Smith
scottish economist who developed the doctrine of laissez faire in his treatise, the wealth of nations. , Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government s
Third Estate
In France, the common people, as distinct from the clergy (1st estate) and the nobles (2nd estate), in the representative body the Estates General; 98% of the population made up of Bourgeoisie, San Cullotes, and the Peasent Farmers; Largest of the Three E
industrial paternalism
- industrial leaders would have "big brother" approach to employees and look after their welfare; however, there was increasing interference with workers lives by their employers
Edmund Burke
A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and
salvation by faith alone
One of the central tenets of Martin Luther's theology; the belief that salvation is a gift from God given to all who possess true faith.
continental system
Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe; , Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy; ultimately un
Civil Code of 1804
Law code established under Napoleon in 1804 that included limited acceptance of revolutionary gains, such as a guarantee of equality before the law and taxation of all social classes. , (early 19th century)
revised body of civil law; SIGNIFICANCE: affirme
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials a
Republic of Letters
philosophers glorified the collegiality and interdependence of writers within this, what the men and women of enlightenment called the informal international community of philosophes; intellectual communities in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century
enclosure
A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity; this land was then used for c
family wage
Idea that males workers should earn a wage sufficient to enable them to support their entire family without their wives having to work outside the home; whole families worked in factories but only got paid one wage.
Zollverein
A tariff-free zone in Germany, in order to boost German economy. Also helps build German nationalism, advocated by Friedrich List; specific to only between German states
bourgeoisie
another word for the middle class, commonly associated with the rise of capitalism, industrialization, and the accumulation of wealth; , In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, a
Atlantic system
The triangular pattern of trade that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the America's. Europeans bought slaves in Africa, sold them to their colonies, bought sugar and other products there, and sold them back in the main land.
romanticism
Cultural movement, prevalent from the 1760s to 1840s that rebelled against rationalism and its Enlightenment values and prized sentiment; An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightene
liberal economic theory
� Explains trading relationships of states
� Focuses on free trade and the gains to be had from trade
� Includes economic interdependence theory
ideology
an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation
the social question
in the wake of the Industrial Revolution and rapid urbanization, topics such as criminality, water supply, sewers, prostitution, tuberculosis and cholera, alcoholism, wet nursing, wages, and unemployment were studied by political leaders, social scientist
public sphere
an idealized intellectual environment that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where members of society came together as individuals to discuss issues relevant to the society, economies, and politics of the state
technocracy
a form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control; in some ways considered a meritocracy.
Louis XIV
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France; , The French King who built the palace at versailles, The longest standing King of France "S
John locke
English Philosopher who asserted that the state arises from a contract that individuals freely endorse. Therefor, because sovereignty resides with the people, rebellion against abuse of power is justified - revolutionary vision of a political society base
Glorious Revolution
bloodless English revolution in 1688 in which parliament replaced the Catholic King James II with William of orange and his wife mary and imposed on the new rulers a Bill of Rights that confirmed Parliament's power; In this bloodless revolution, the Engli
Louis XVI
- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793 to begin the revolution
Klemens von Metternich
This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression; , foreign minister of Austria who aimed to maintain the European balance of power and meet
Peterloo" Massacre
In August 1819 at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester England, a crowd demanding parliamentary reform was charged by government troops, leading to bloodshed; An organized rebellion against the Corn Laws that was broken up violently by the English cavalry. Th