demographic transition
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
james maxwell
Founder of Modern Pyhsics, Scottish scientist who discovered that light consists of electromagnetic waves
pasteurization
a process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food
positivism
a quality or state characterized by certainty or acceptance or affirmation
karl marx
German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory ec
proleteriat
The other half of the class struggle according to Marx. They were the poor, oppressed that were dependent on the Bourgeoisie. They were the workers in the factories or mills that the Bourgeoisies owned.
charles darwin
English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)
social darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
thermodynamics
the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
dmitry mendeleev
father of periodic table; put elements in ROWS by increasing atomic mass; put elements in COLUMNS based on similar chemical properties
auguste comte
French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded "sociology." Influenced Realpolitik
sociology
study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society
communist manifesto
This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.
dialectical materialism
The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways.
evolution
a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
herbert speencer
...
belle epoque
name for positive view of the 1870s (no major wars, industry/wealth, middle class is dominating, galleries/music halls/theartres, education, universal male suffrage)beautiful era
naturalism
(philosophy) the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations
anarchism
opposition to any form of government; the theory that all governments should be abolished
georges sorel
French thinker who believed violent general strike would bring down capitalist society and a new elite group of "superhumans" would rule
friedrick nietzsche
German philosopher, usually dark and gloomy in his writings. The inspiration for many existentialists. "God is Dead
paris commune
The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government
dreyfus affair
A Jewish captain was falsely accused and convicted of comitting treason, really done by Catholic. Family and leading intellectual individuals and republicans like Zola wanted to reopen the case. Split in two, first army who are antisemetic and Catholic, a
eduard bernstein
German social democratic theoretician and politician, a member of the SPD, and the FOUNDER of evolutionary SOCIALISM and REVISIONISM.
francesco crispi
prime minister of Italy, tries to broker some agreements between the North, South, and the Church, takes away the right to vote from many people, he was heavy handed and authoritarian, owned his own chips company
alexander lll
Russian czar in the last half of the 1800's who ruled as an autocrat. he discriminated against the jewish people.
october manifesto
Issued in Russia because of fear of a general strike. Granted full civil rights and a popular parliament- Duma.
cadets
1905-1940. Constitutional democrats active in Russian reform movements and the government under Kerensky. Repressed after Bolshevik takeover.
labour party
british political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to represent the interests of the urban working class
the woman question
Debates about deomestic fufillment, the right to vote, control of their property, control over their income, access to a high education, and an access to professional jobs. whats role of women
first international
meeting of English labor leaders 2) Marx attended the meeting and dominated it 3) tried to push a Marxist agenda => expelling those who didn't agree
vatican council
brought a renewal of Catholicism and encouraged the Church to establish dialogue with all Christians
leo xlll
Pope whose pronouncement (Rerum Novarum- 1891) upheld capitalism but advocated social legislation and the formation of catholic labor unions.
henri bergson
A French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational thought and thinking
ant-semitism
Hostility toward Jews and Judaism; ranges from attitudes of disfavor to active persecution.
german social democrats
Bismarck's enemy of the empire, it briefly became a clandestine organization who supported socialism. After Bismarck's resignation it was the largest bloc to the Reichstag.
third republic
French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napolean III, and survived until the invasion of the German third Reich. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution.
giovanni giolitte
...
russo japenese war
A war between Japan and Russia over the lands of Machuria; japan defeated russians, largely because of its naval power; japan annexed korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance
bloody sunday
1905, peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died
fundamental laws
Issued by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage. The Upper House could pass laws but the Tsar had veto power.
st. petersburg soviet
A liberal government group that supported the Provisional government and the war but wanted economic and social reforms that would benefit the masses
gladston
vote, social reforms, religious, Christianity, bibles to prostitutes because of belief of Muscular Christianity
david lloyd george
He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
irish home rule
self-government by having a separate Parliament but not complete independence; called for by Charles Parnell