Congress of Vienna
The meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) in 1814 to arrange a peace settlement to stabilize Europe. Led by Klemmens von Metternich, ultra conservative.
Klemmens Von Metternich
Leader of the Congress of Vienna in 1814, he was a prince and the Austrian foreign minister. Had very conservative views, and a poor outlook on humanity. He was also very conceited and self absorbed. Strongly believed in the principle of legitimacy.
legitimacy
Metternich considered it necessary to restore the "legitimate" monarchs that would preserve traditional institutions and conservative values.
Balance of Power
When the Congress of Vienna re-distributed land going along with the principle of legitimacy, it was to preserve a balance of power that would prevent one country from dominating Europe. That was the goal.
Edmund Burke and conservatism.
Edmund Burke wrote his "Reflections on the Revolution in France" after the French Revolution. He argued that the state did have a contract with the people, but that it was with all people and all generations, and that one generation should not be able to
Joseph de Maistre and conservatism.
He believed that only absolute monarchy and hereditary (divinely sanctioned) monarchy could "guarantee order in society" and avoid chaos and revolution.
Concert of Europe
The concert of Europe was established as a means to keep the status quo in Europe. They were to meet and discuss common interests and ideas that would keep Europe peaceful. Met 4 times b/t 1818 and 1822.
the congress system
the 4 congresses that were held by the concert of Europe were meant to promote peace and order in Europe, and further the conservative agenda.
Latin America Revolts
Sim�n Bol�var was called the Liberator, and led the fight for independence in Latin America. He and Jos� de San Mart�n successfully freed all of Latin America from the Spaniards, including Mexico, Colombia, Peru.
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe of the new United States of America guaranteed the independence of these new Latin American states, and warned Europe about trying to get them back. However, the British naval fleet did much more to prevent re-colonization than this
Greek Revolt
In this case, the principle of intervention was used to support revolution instead of extinguish it. The Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Turks in 1821, and Britain and France helped out by defeating Turkish armada. Russia also invades, and Turks let E
Britain's Tories and Whigs
Two different political factions of parliament: Tories and Whigs. Both still aristocratic, but whigs being supported by industrial middle class. Tories didn't want to change government, and they controlled a lot of it. Tories became unpopular because of t
Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre
The Corn Law of 1815 put high tariffs on foreign grain, which made it even more expensive for the working class. Things got bad when calvary attacked 60,000 people protesting at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. 11 people got killed and the government dec
Louis XVIII and Charles X
After the fall of Napoleon, the Bourbon family was restored to power in France, this time it was Louis XVIII. He accepted the Civil Code, and made a bicameral legislature. Ultraroyalists and liberals opposed him. Louis died and Charles X became King and h
Carbonari
charcoal burners" secret societies that believed in nationalism and conspired for another Revolution.
Germanic Confederation
Together the 38 sovereign Germanic countries were the Germanic Confederation. Little power, no executive so relied on federal diets, and it needed the consent of all to do anything. Metternich's instrument to repress revolution.
Burschenschaften
Student societies dedicated to uniting a free Germany. "Honor, Liberty, Fatherland." Held assemblies and conservative book burnings. Metternich made the Karlsbad Decrees which silenced and broke up the Burschenschaften.
the Decembrist Revolt
Nicholas was to become King of Russia, but it was not known that Constantine abdicated, so military leaders of Northern Union rebelled. Crushed by Nicholas' forces. Made Nicholas become a reactionary.
Tsar Nicholas I
The Emperor/King of Russia. Crushed the Decembrist Revolt, became reactionary. Strengthened bureaucracy and political police. He wanted to interfere in all revolution everywhere- he hated revolution. Called "Policeman of Europe
classical economics
also called economic liberalism. Primary principle was laissez-faire. Government was not to interfere in the economy at all, because the greatest good would come when there was no interference with consumers and customers.
Thomas Malthus
1766-1834, he wrote "Essay on Principles of Population" stated that food supply increases much more slowly than population. Misery + poverty = law of nature, government shouldn't interfere because it will figure itself out.
David Ricardo's "Iron law of wages
Wrote "Principles of Political Economy". More population, more workers, poorer conditions, more misery, more starvation, less workers, better wages, people have more kids, cycle repeats itself.
John Stuart Mill
On Liberty". Absolute freedom of opinion on all subjects. People can do whatever they want, as long as it doesn't harm society or their peers. Tyranny of majority and censorship = very bad.
On the Subjection of Women
An essay by Mill after his attempt to include women suffrage in the voting reform failed. Differences between men and women were only social practices, not natural. Women + education = equal to men
utopian socialism
equality in social conditions, human cooperation was better than industrialist capitalism. Against private property and competitive industrial spirit. Wanted to establish a better society.
Charles Fourier's phalansteries
proposed the creation of small model communities called phalansteries. Consisted ideally of 1,620 people. Communally housed, work assignments. Didn't get tested because no financial backing.
Robert Owen's New Lanark
Transformed a squalid factory town into a healthy community. Believed humans would reveal their true goodness if they live in a cooperative environment.
Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan
Blanc wrote "The Organization of Work" and believed that social problems could be solved with government assistance. State financed workshops, communal worker ownership. Tristan tried to foster a "utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism." Wanted to re
France's July Revolution of 1830
A response to Charles X's July Ordinances which dissolved legislature, reduced electorate, and censored the press. Provisional government set up shop, asked for Louis-Phillippe. Charles X fled to Britain.
Parties of Movement and Resistance
Two distinct parties in the Chamber of Deputies. Both were composed of upper-middle class representatives. Party of Movement (Aolphe Thiers) wanted ministerial responsibility and an active foreign policy + limited expansion. Party of Resistance (Francois
Reform Act of 1832
Recognized changes in British society that came about by the industrial revolution. disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs and created 42 new towns and cities. Industrial urban communities now have a say in government. Property voting, number of voters is 814
revolutions of 1848
In France, Louis-Phillippe's government was protested and forced out, he fled to Britain. New composition of the National Assembly closed down the government workshops created by Louis Blanc- these emptied the treasury. Workers revolted in the streets, th
France's Second Republic
New constitution created the "Second Republic" with a one house legislature composed of 750 reps elected by universal male suffrage (term of 3 years) and a president elected the same way for 4 years. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president, soo
Frankfurt Assembly
Universal male suffrage allowed delegates to be elected in each nation in the German confederation. Frankfurt Assembly's purpose was to create a unified Germany. Frankfurt Assembly created an idea for a new united Germany after the Big German and Small Ge
Louis Kossuth
Led the Hungarian liberals, he argued for "commonwealth" status. Hungarians were willing to keep the Habsburg monarch but wanted their own legislature. Metternich was dismissed! They got the right to have their own national army, have their own legislatur
Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy
Leader of Italy's resurgence, he was a nationalist that founded Young Italy in 1831. Goal was creation of a united Italian Republic. Wanted Italians to love their country! Revolts followed, but eventually counterrevolutionary forces like Austria were able
Jacksonian Democracy
Andrew Jackson was elected President of the US in 1828, and this created the era of mass democracy. Property qualifications for voting were dropped, almost all white males could vote. Improvement of human beings was also established. Juvenile detention ce
serjents, "bobbies" and schutzmannschaft
Civilian police forces! Well trained forces who's purpose was to make Europe a disciplined and well ordered society. Serjents in France, dressed in all blue uniforms and served to protect France's citizens at all times. In Britain, the failures of the con
London Mechanic's Institute
After reformers tried to get people from the "dangerous classes" out of the streets and into work and workhouses failed, a group of secular reformers believed education was the answer, and creates things like the London Mechanic's Institute to enlighten p
Romanticism
A new intellectual movement known as Romanticism came about to challenge the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason. Romanticism stressed the importance of intuition and person feeling, emotion, and imagination as the sources of knowing. Romantic write
Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther
In Goethe's novel, Werther is a Romantic who seeks to free himself from society to fulfill himself. He believed in himself, but society didn't, and he eventually commits suicide. Goethe later rejects Romanticism in favor of Classicism.
Brothers Grimm
The Grimm brothers in Germany, like other Romantics, had an interest in the past. They collected local fairy tales and published them.
Sir Walter Scott
His novels became European best sellers in the first half of the 19th century. Many Romanticists (including Scott) were historically minded.
neo-Gothic architecture
Revival of gothic architecture in turn led to neo-gothic cathedrals, parliamentary buildings, and even railway stations.
Chateaubriand's "Genius of Christianity
his book was soon labeled "The Bible of Romanticism" He defended Catholicism on Romantic sentiment in its justification of Catholicism. "As a faith, Catholicism echoed the harmony of all things." The grandiose of the cathedrals seemed divine.