Industrial Revolution
the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production
agricultural revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
capital
wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value
entrepreneurs
individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques
coal and iron ore
the abundant supply of these items made the making of machines easier
markets
a system where people and busineses buy and sell goods, services and resources
cotton industry
a system of textile manufacturing; spinners and weavers often worked at home; used raw materials supplied by capitalist entrepreneurs
the cottage system
going house to house and giving raw materials and picking up the finished product for textile industries.
canals
Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.
James Hargreaves' spinning jenny
invented the Cotton Spinning Jenny in 1768 which allowed people to generate yarn in larger quantities with less labor
Richard Arkwright's water frame
This was a new spinning machine powered by water or horse; helped further increase yarn production
Edmund Cartwright's power loom
invented in 1787; allowed the weaving of the cloth by water
hand-loom weavers
even when the power loom came into production, these continued to do well because of the inefficiency of the power looms. They died out when they were replaced by big factories.
steam engine
external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder
James Watt
A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines
coal and coke
fuel of the industrial revolution that seemed to be in unlimited quantity and a derivative of the fuel that was used to make high quality iron
iron industry
British industry which profited from the steam engine
Henry Cort
(1780's) Inventor of the puddling system in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality.
George Stephenson's Rocket
This locomotive was used on the first public railway line, which opened in 1830, extending 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester. It sped along at 16mph
joint-stock companies
An association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business
the factory
it became the cheif means of organizeing labor for new machines. Employers started hireing people to run machines instead of to creat products. It demanded a new type of discipline from its employees (forced to work regular hours). These were often hard p
factory discipline
workers were forced to work regular hours in shifts, so machines were running steadily
preindustrial workers
not accustomed to a timed format due to the fact that they had always worked irregular hours
Great Exhibition of 1851
In 1851, the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace. The fair had 100,000 exhibits that showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world....
the Crystal Palace
A giant structure of cast iron and glass where over 100,000 exhibits were housed during The Great Exhibition.
Prince Albert, Queen Victoria
the royal in couple ruling britain whom hosted the great exhibition in the crystal palace
industrialized Belgium, France, German states
those first to be industrialized after Britain; by the 1840's belgium and french laborers were teaching their techniques to everyone east and south; france and the german states stablished a wide range of technical schools to train engineers
tariffs
taxes on imports or exports
steamboats
the first one was invented by Nicholas Roosevelt in 1812 and it could carry both cargo and passengers; it earned a lot of profit and became popular and were considered luxurious;
India's cotton cloth production
used to be one of the world's greatest exporters of cotton cloth, then the British came in with inexpensive factories and put thousands of Indian's out of a job
population growth
caused by Agricultural innovation brought on by the need to feed more people. The new amounts of food being produced kept people more healthy and allowed for a lower mortality rate and a longer life expectancy. The trend is important because it allowed fo
Ireland and the potato
This country had this crop as a basic staple for its peasants, enablin them to survive and multiply.
the Great Famine
The result of four years of crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent of potatoes as a dietary staple
urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements
suburbs
Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.
Britain's Poor Law Commission
Produced detailed reports on the conditions of industrial cities. Found out the physically and morally debilitating effects of urban industrial life on the poor
cholera
this disease sweeping through british slums
bourgeoisie
In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.
industrial middle class
made up of people who buit factories, trade, buy machines, and create businesses
working class
in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have a low level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual laborers
working conditions
machine noise could be deafening, poor lighting and ventilation, frequent fires and accidents were caused by fatigue, faulty equipment, and careless training
child labor
In the late 1800s a significant portion of the labor force was made up of children under the age of 15, some as young as 5 years old. These child laborers did not attend school. They worked in sweat shops which were workshops in tenements rather than fact
domestic servants
They are people who work or live in an employer's household; Differing from serfs and peasants, they receive wages as well as having freedom to leave the job
the Poor Law of 1834
tried to fix the unemployment problem by making poor houses where they lived and worked; families were separated and children were often recruited for factory work; based on the idea that poor people were lazy and morally lacking so they deserved that dis
trade unions
early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions
Robert Owen
(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment
the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
Formed in 1834 as a national federation of trade unions, whose primary purposes was to coordinate a general strike for the eight-hour working day. It broke up the summer of the same year it was formed because it didnt have enough support from the working
Luddites
These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines
Chartism and the People's Charter
The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britian in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimi
the London Working Men's Association
Created the People's Charter, demanding political democracy
factory acts
Passed by Parliament in 1819. Forbade employment of children under nine. Limited work day of children over nine to 12 hours. Banned employment of women/children in mining.
Ten Hours Act of 1847
Limited labor of women and children in all industrial establishments to 10 hours per day.
the American system
The three-part plan developed by Henry Clay that stressed a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a network of roads and canals. Clay's plan was essential in developing a profitable home market. This home market enabled America to become a self-s