scientific revolution
universities founded; rediscovering ancient mathematics; navigational advances; scientific methodology
copernicus, heliocentric view
he postponed the publication of his book b/c he was scared of criticism; heliocentric view argued that the earth revolved around the sun & that the sun was the center of the universe
tycho brahe
europe's leading astronomer in the late 16th century; funny-looking man w/ a nose that fell off; the data collector (his data later proved Copernicus' theory to be correct)
johannes kepler
first great protestant scientist; assistant to Brahe; developed the 3 laws of planetary motion; organized Brahe's data & mathematically proved Copernicus' theory
3 laws of planetary motion
orbits of planets are elliptical; planets don't move @ uniform speed while in their orbits; the time it takes for a planet to orbit the sun is directly based on its distance from the sun (kepler's law)
galileo
developed the laws of motion; uses experiments to prove his theories; validated Copernicus' heliocentric view w/ the aid of a telescope; first to use the telescope as a scientific instrument
telescope
galileo was the first to use one as a scientific instrument
francis bacon
formalized the empirical method; used inductive reasoning; his inductive method formed the backbone of the modern scientific method
empiricism
(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience (inductive reasoning--Bacon)
inductive method
begin w/ observation, then form a hypothesis, then conduct experiments, & then organize the data; have to see it first, & then work to prove it
rene descartes
demonstrated the relationship between algebra & geometry; developed analytical geometry; his proof depended on logic alone "i think, therefore i am
deductive reasoning
Reason from general facts to specific conclusion
cogito ergo sum
I think, therefore I am; decartes' beliefs that proved his deductive reasoning theory
cartesian dualism
divided all existence into the spiritual & the material; spiritual can only be examined through deductive reasoning (logic) & the material is subject to the experimental method --Descartes
modern scientific method
inductive method (Bacon) + deductive method (Decartes)
isaac newton
incorporated the astronomy of Copernicus & Kepler w/ the physics of Galileo into an overarching theory explaining order & design to the universe, law of universal gravitation, and creation of caculus
principle of universal gravitation
piece of writing by Newton; natural laws of motion; every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship
principia, 1687
piece of writing by Newton; another name for Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy; details of the principle of universal gravitation
vesalius
wrote the on the Fabric of the Human Body- renewed and modernized the study of human anatomy
william harvey
wrote On the Movement of the Heart and Blood - explained how blood was pumped by the heart & circulated throughout the body
royal society
in England; was the most successful & prestigious scientific society
enlightenment
the scientific revolution led directly to this-- people discussing theories
deism
the religious arm of the enlightenment; said that God created the world & then stepped back to let us figure stuff out on our own; the universe runs on natural laws
john locke, two treatises of civil govt.
philosophical defense for the Glorious Revolution; humans are basically good but lack protection; purpose of govt. is to protect the natural rights of the people (life, liberty, property)
essay concerning human understanding
one of the great works of the enlightenment; stressed the importance of the environment on human development; education was key; for progress to occur in society, education was critical in determining human development
tabula rasa
the human mind is born as a blank slate & registered input from the senses passively--John Locke
philosophes
committed to fundamental reform in society; extremely successful in popularizing the Enlightenment; believed in progress through discovering the natural laws governing nature & human existence
voltaire
most influental of all Enlightenment philosophes; challenged Catholic theology; pushes satire & attacks church reason over superstition; set the stage for the French revolution
ecracsez l'infame
crush the infamous thing"; his most famous quote against religious intolerance
Montesquieu, spirit of laws
member of the french nobility; hated the absolutism of Louis XIV; heavily influenced America's system; started checks & balances; spirit of laws called for seperation of powers in govt. into 3 branches to prevent tyranny & promote liberty
checks & balances
this principle of Montesquieu's would ensure that no single branch of govt. became too powerful as the other 2 branches could check excess power
jean-jacques rousseau
man is corrupted by materialism; believed in progressive education (self-reliance, confidence, emotional security)
social contract, 1762
the general will (a consensus of the majority) should control a nation; too much of an emphasis on property and not enough consideration of people was the root of social injustice
general will
a consensus of the majority
noble savage
man in a simpler state of nature was good & was not corrupted by the materialism of civilization; Rousseau said this
denis diderot, the encyclopedia
greatest & most representative work of the philosophes; political & social critiques from various Enlightenment philosophers & authors; helped to popularize the views of the philosophes; sought to teach people to think critically & objectively
beccaria
sought to humanize criminal law based on Enlightenment concepts of reason & equality before the law; punishment for a crime should be based rationally on the damage done to society; opposed the death penalty for the most part
francois quesnay
leader of the physiocrats in France who opposed mercantilist policies; sought to reform the existing agrarian system by instituting laissez faire in agriculture
physiocrats
group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land
adam smith, wealth of nations
considered the "bible" of capitalism; believed the economy is governed by the natural laws of supply & demand; govt. regulation only interferes w/ this natural self-governing style "laissez- faire
salon movement
many of the brightest minds of the Enlightenment assembled in salons to discuss major issues of the day; philosophes favored increased rights & education for women
mary wollstonecraft
English woman who promoted political & educational equality for women-- Vindication of the Rights of Women
baron paul d'holbach
man who was a part of the more skeptical part of the Enlightenment; he argued that humans were more like machines, completely determined by outside forces; his staunch atheism, determinism, & attacks on Christianity undermined the Enlightenment
david hume
more skeptical man of Enlightenment; argued against faith in both natural law & faith; human ideas wer emerely the result of sensory experiences; undermined Enlightenment's emphasis on reason
jean de condorcet
utopian ideas undermined the legitimacy of Enlightenment ideas; identified 9 stages of human progress that had already occured & predicted the 10th stage would bring perfection
immanuel kant
greatest German philosopher of the Enlightenment; separated science & morality into separate branches of knowledge; science could describe nature but it couldn't provide a guide for morality; "Dare to know
german pietism
argued the need for spiritual conversion & religious experience
methodism
taught the need for spiritual regeneration & a moral life that would demonstrate one's having been "born again
john wesley
founder of methodism
enlightened despotism
the philosophes inspired & supported the reforms of the Enlightened despots; believed absolute rulers should promote the good of the people
war of austrian succession
Frederick the Great invaded & annexed Silesia, violating the Pragmatic Sanction; Prussia defeated Austria
seven years' war, French and Indian War
Maria teresa sought to regain Silesia from Prussia, gained russia & France as allies; bloodiest war in Europe since the 30 years' war; Prussia was severely outnumbered by its enemies; Prussia permanently maintained Silesia
diplomatic revolution of 1756
France & Austria (traditional enemies) now allied against Prussia in the seven years' war; Britain (traditional ally of Russia) supported Prussia w/ money
treaty of paris
most important peace treaty of the 18th century; Prussia permanently retained Silesia; France lost all of its colonies in North America to Great Britain
first servant of the state
Frederick the Great gave himself this name
catherine the great
German princess who became queen after her husband, Peter III, was assassinated during the seven years' war; she was a lover of french culture; imported western culture into Russia; restricted the practice of torture; allowed limited religious toleration
pugachev rebellion
Eugene Pugachev (Cossack soldier) led a huge serf uprising; demanded an end to serfdom, taxes, army service; Pugachev was eventually captured & executed
polish partitions
Under Catherine the Great, Prussia gained Polish territory through this annexation agreement between Prussia and Austria.
maria theresa
not an Enlightened despot; assumed the Hapsburg empire from her father Charles VII; centralized control of the Habsburg Empire; promoted economic development; did not go as far as teh others in allowing religious toleration
pragmatic sanction of 1713
Issued by Leopold I & agreed to by the Great Powers that the Habsburg Empire would remain intact under his daughter's rule
joseph II
ruled w/ his mother, Maria Theresa, as co-regent until her death; freedom of religion & civic rights to Protestants & Jews; established poorhouses, insane asylums, orphanages, hospitals; reformed the judicial system & sought to make it equal; abolished to