sovereignty
ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
absolutism in europe
Absolute monarchy is the monarchical form of government in which the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government; his or her powers are not limited by a constitution or by the law. An absolute monarch wields unre
divine right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
bureaucracy
system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
standing army
A standing army is a professional permanent army. It is composed of full-time career soldiers and is not disbanded during times of peace. It differs from army reserves, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during wars or natural disaster
administrative monarchy
The French state in the 17th century became stronger in that it could achieve more of its goals, it was centralized from Paris and its administrative bureaucracy greatly expanded. AKA an absolute monarchy.
totalitarianism
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Henri IV
a Protestant who decided to act as a Catholic in order to be king of France; considered by the French to be their best monarch; assassinated in 1610 by a radical Huguenot
edict of nantes
1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
sully
From 1596, when he was added to Henry's finance commission, Rosny introduced some order into France's economic affairs. Acting as sole Superintendent of Finances (officially) so at the end of 1601, he authorized the free exportation of grain and wine, red
Paulette
La Paulette after the financier Charles Paulet, who proposed it) was the name commonly given to the "annual right" (droit annuel), a special tax levied by the French Crown during the Ancien R�gime. It was first instituted on December 12, 1604 by King Henr
Louis XIII
was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1610 to 1643.
Louis was only nine years old when he succeeded his father. His mother, Marie de Medici, acted as regent during Louis' minority. Mismanagement of the kingdom and ceaseless
cardinal Richelieu
Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He rem
intendants
imposed by Louis XIV, they were law officials who collected taxes and administered justice, and were cause of much discontent, "government agents"; took power from nobles and consolidated power of the King
Nobles of the Robe
Under the Old Regime, the Nobles of the Robe or Nobles of the Gown (French: Noblesse de robe) were French aristocrats who owed their rank to judicial or administrative posts � often bought outright for high sums. As a rule, these positions did not grant t
Acad�mie fran�aise
L'Acad�mie fran�aise (French pronunciation: [la.ka.de.mi f???'s?z]), also called the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Acad�mie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu
raison d'�tat
The national interest, often referred to by the French expression raison d'�tat (English: reason of the State), is a country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. The concept is an important one in international relations where pu
Louis XIV
Louis XIV (5 September 1638 - 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great or the Sun King (French: le Roi-Soleil), was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre.[1] His reign of 72 years and 110 days is one of the longest in French and Eur
Cardinal Mazarin
Jules Mazarin born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino was a French-Italian[2] cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. He was a noted collector of ar
The Fronde
was a civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635. The word fronde means sling, which Parisian mobs used to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin.[1]
The Fronde was divided into two campaign
Battle of Rocroi (1643)
The battle began after dawn. The French army attacked, but the French infantry in the centre were bested by the Spanish. The cavalry on the French left, advancing against Enghien's orders, was also thrown back. But the cavalry on the French right, under t
personal reign
n Mazarin's death in 1661, Louis assumed personal control of the reins of government. He was able to utilize the widespread public yearning for law and order resulting from prolonged foreign war and domestic civil strife to further consolidate central pol
Versailles
The first building campaign (1664-1668) commenced with the Plaisirs de l'�le enchant�e (Pleasures of the Enchanted Island) of 1664, a f�te that was held between 7 and 13 May 1664. The first building campaign (1664-1668) involved alterations in the ch�teau
provincial Estates
The Estates of the realm were the broad social orders of the hierarchically conceived society, recognized in the Middle Ages and Early Modern period in Christian Europe; they are sometimes distinguished as the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and
1st Estate
consisted of clergy and about 130,000 people. They owned about 10% of the land. They were exempt from taxes. They were radically divided.
2nd Estate
Nobility (wealthy) less than 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid no taxes, held highest offices in govt
3rd Estate
the commoners of French society prior to the revolution. the class that was divided into the bourgeoisie, laborers and artisans, and peasants.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Jean-Baptiste Colbert 29 August 1619 - 6 September 1683) was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He ach
mercantilism
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
Favorable balance of trade
This was the ideology that most states used to gain the most money from their exports by increasing the amount of finished materials while decreasing the amount of raw materials
Self-sufficiency
Self-sufficiency is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. On a national scale, a totally self-sufficient economy that does not trade with the outside world is
revocation of the Edict of Nantes
By the Edict of Fontainebleau, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches, as well as the closing of Protestant schools. This policy made official the persecution already enforced since the dragonnades created i
Classicism
In an attempt to restrict the proliferation of private centers of intellectual or literary life (so as to impose the royal court as the artistic center of France), Cardinal Richelieu took an existing literary gathering (around Valentin Conrart) and design
Marquis de Louvois
Fran�ois Michel Le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois (18 January 1641 - 16 July 1691) was the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of Louis XIV. Louvois and his father, Michel le Tellier, would increase the French Army to 400,00
War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was fought among several European powers, including a divided Spain, over the feared possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch.
While Spain had been decaying throughout
Treaty of Utrecht
April 1713
The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, comprises a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April
Count of Olivares
Don Gaspar de Guzm�n y Pimentel Ribera y Velasco de Tovar, Count of Olivares and Duke of San L�car la Mayor (Spanish: Gaspar de Guzm�n y Pimentel, conde-duque de Olivares, also known as Conde de Olivares y duque de Sanl�car la Mayor) (January 6, 1587[1] -
The Treaty of the Pyrenees
The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed to end the 1635 to 1659 war between France and Spain, a war that was initially a part of the wider Thirty Years' War. It was signed on Pheasant Island, a river island on the border between the two countries. The kings
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
29 September 1547 - 22 April 1616)[2] was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern European novel,[3] is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the b
Don Quixote
Don Quixote fully titled The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha
is a novel written by Miguel de Cervantes. The novel follows the adventures of Alonso Quijano, a hidalgo who reads so many chivalric novels, that he decides to set out to revive chi
constitutionalism
The United Kingdom is perhaps the best instance of constitutionalism in a country that has an uncodified constitution. A variety of developments in seventeenth-century England, including "the protracted struggle for power between king and Parliament was a
Elizabeth I
was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called "The Virgin Queen", "Gloriana", or "Good Queen Bess", Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born
James I
James VI and I (19 June 1566 - 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of England and Sco
The House of Commons
The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which, like the House of Lords (the upper house), meets in the Palace of Westminster. The Commons is a democratically elected body consisting of 650 members known as Members o
gentry
people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility
Puritans
The Puritans were a community of English Protestants active during the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism was created by Marian clergy exiles as an activist movement within the Church of England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558. England
Charles I
Charles I
was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to cur
William Laud
William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645. One of the High Church Caroline divines, he opposed radical forms of Puritanism. This, and his support for King Charles I, resulted in his beheading in the mid
Triennial Act
The Meeting of Parliament Act 1694 (6 & 7 Will & Mary c 2), also known as the Triennial Act 1694,[3] is an Act of the Parliament of England. This Act is Chapter II Rot. Parl. pt. 1. nu. 2.[4]
This Act was partly in force in Great Britain at the end of 201
The Commonwealth of England
The Commonwealth of England was the republic which ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. Between 1653-1659 it was known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.[1] After the English Civil War and the execution
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 - 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Born into the middle gentry, he was relatively obscure for the first 40 years of
The Protectorate
After the dissolution of the Barebones Parliament, John Lambert put forward a new constitution known as the Instrument of Government, closely modelled on the Heads of Proposals. It made Cromwell Lord Protector for life to undertake "the chief magistracy a
The Instrument of Government
The Instrument of Government granted executive power to the Lord Protector. Although this post was elective, not hereditary, it was to be held for life. It also required the calling of triennial Parliaments, with each sitting for at least five months.
Navigation Ordinance 1651
The Navigation Act bill was passed in October 1651 by the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England led by Oliver Cromwell, reinforcing a longstanding principle of government policy that English trade should be carried in English vessels. It was a reactio
Restoration
The term Restoration in reference to the year 1660 refers to the restoration of Charles II to his realms across the British Empire at that time.
Charles II
Charles II (29 May 1630 - 6 February 1685)[3] was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War. Although the Parliament of Scotland procla
cabal
A cabal is a group of people united in some close design together, usually to promote their private views or interests in a church, state, or other community, often by intrigue. Cabals are sometimes secret societies composed of a few designing persons, an
James II
James II and VII (14 October 1633O.S. - 16 September 1701)[2] was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII,[1] from 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Sco
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights or the Bill of Rights 1688[2] is an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689.[3] It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1
The Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (Will
William III
William III & II (Dutch: Willem III; 4 November 1650 - 8 March 1702)[1] was a sovereign Prince of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange (Dutch: Willem III van Oranje) over Holland, Zeelan
Mary II
Mary II (30 April 1662 - 28 December 1694) was joint Sovereign of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband (who was also her first cousin), William III and II, from 1689 until her death. William and Mary, both Protestants, became king and queen reg
John Locke
John Locke (29 August 1632 - 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Classical Liberalism,[2][3][4] was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the Brit
Second Treatise
In the Second Treatise Locke develops a number of notable themes. It begins with a depiction of the state of nature, wherein individuals are under no obligation to obey one another but are each themselves judge of what the law of nature requires. It also
natural rights
The theory of natural law is closely related to the theory of natural rights. During the Age of Enlightenment, natural law theory challenged the divine right of kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, pos
cabinet system
Collection of people who run various departments in government. Usually report to the chief executive, such as the prime Minister, or the President.
Robert Walpole
Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford,
(26 August 1676 - 18 March 1745), known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. Although the position of "Prime Minister" had no
prime minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the go
regent
A regent, from the Latin regens, "[one] reigning", or regency council is a person or group of persons selected to act as head of state because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated.[1] The period of rule of a regent or regents is referred to a
States General
term used by the national assembly of the United Provinces of the Netherlands where the wealthy merchant class held real power; because many issues had to be refereed back to the provinces, the United Provinces was a confederation, or weak union of a stro
stadtholder
Dutch hereditary chief excecutive; A hereditary chief executor over provinces in Holland. Ex: William III of Orange (1650-1702)
House of Orange
leaders of most of the 7 provinces of the Dutch Republic, favored development of a centralized government with selves as hereditary monarchs
Bank of Amsterdam
1609 founded by Dutch. Since Euro money in chaos (debasing of coins by some) there was need for trustworthy banking institution. BofA accepted mixed money, assessed its gold value and at fixed rates of exchange, allowed depositors to withdraw equiv. amts
Dutch East India Company
A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and b