Scientific Revolution
The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. accepted beliefs (religion) was questioned
Ptolemy
An ancient Greek astronomer, living in Egypt, who proposed a way of calculating the movements of the planets on the assumption that they, along with the sun and the stars, were embedded in clear spheres that revolved around the Earth. His beliefs prevaile
Geocentric Conception
Ptolemy's idea that the universe is a series of concentric spheres with a fixed/motionless earth at its center; worked will with Biblical conceptions
Copernicus
Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
Book written by Copernicus which explained his heliocentric theory and contradicted the geocentric theory
Heliocentric Conception
Copernicus's idea that the universe consists of 8 spheres with the sun motionless at the center, did NOT reject Aristotle's principle of heavenly spheres moving in circular orbits
Tycho Brahe
Danish Astronamer who produced large amounts of astromatical data but believed that other planets rotated around the sun while the sun and moon rotated around the earth, Influenced by copernicus, last astronomer to not use a telescope
Johannes Kepler
Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolis
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist. His telescopes proved the sun is the center of the solar system and that the planets/moon move. He was persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas. made first telescope
The Starry Messenger
a series of newsletters written by galileo that told of his findings when he observed the heavens with his telescope in 1609
Isaac Newton
English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687)
Principia
Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.
World-Machine
Newton's conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion.
Galen
Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)
Paracelsus
Advanced the treatment and diagnosis of disease. Thought that diseases were caused by chemical imbalances.
Vesalius
a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)
William Harvey
Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body.
Robert Boyle
An English physicist and chemist, this man discovered the nature of elements and compounds and the basis of modern chemistry.
Margaret Cavendish
A woman scientist who was of noble birth and wrote "Observations upon Experimental philosophy
Maria Merian
involved in Scientific Revolution as entomologist; wrote "Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam", which showed drawings of the life cycles of insects on Surinam
Maria Winklemann
Goldried Kirch's wife and assistant, discovered comet, but public thought it was Kirch's work. asked to finish Berlin Academy's calendar, but son appointed FEMALE GERMAN ASTRONOMER
Querelles des femmes
arguments about women;women portrayed as prone to vice, easily swayed, and sexually insatiable; men needed to control them; women argued that they also had rational minds and could frown from education
Descartes
This thinker developed a philosophy of two different worlds a material world and a world of the mind. This was called Cartesian dualism. He combined his ideas with Bacon to form the scientific method
Cartesian Dualism
The teaching of Ren� Descartes that the mind or spirit constitutes one reality while the body is something completely different, separate and apart from mind.
Rationalism
the doctrine that reason is the right basis for regulating conduct
Scientific Method
a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
Francis Bacon
English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on trad
Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
Spinoza
Jewish philosopher who argued for rationality over spiritual beliefs, was excommunicated, criticized as an atheist
Pascal
In his "Pensees" he illustrated his Christian apologetics; he identified christianity as rational and acceptable within the scientific advances of the age. FRENCH