AP EURO UNIT 2 TEST

Pre-Reformation

Long term causes: Babylonian Captivity, The Nobility v.s The Church. Selling Relics and Indulgences. Wycliff wrote the Bible in the vernacular. Then Martin Luther writes the 95 Thesis.
Short term causes: Brought humanism and Catholics together, and religi

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements to reform the church and their practices. The church should only use 2 sacraments (Ukerast Baptism=Community), he created the

Lutheranism

The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith. Its tremendous growth is

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw, and excommunicated Martin.

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

Luther's and Calvin's ideas spread across Europe quickly. This was due to unrest in the peasant population, inventions like the printing press, and the support of rulers wishing to free themselves from Catholic control. Religious unity in Europe was lost,

Protestantism

The general name given to any of the Christian denominations that broke from the Catholic Church during the sixteenth-century Reformation and to the splinter churches from these communities; today these include the Lutherans, Anglicans (Episcopalians), Me

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of SWISS REFORMATION. Established THEOCRACY(A Government run by Religion) in ZURICH. Only the EUCHARIST was symbolic. LITERAL interpretation of Scripture, no transubstantiation, Bonus- Art and Music.

Swiss Reformation

Switzerland reformed to Protestantism mostly under Zwingli's leadership, who argued for similar things as Luther but disagreed about the whole Eucharist and Christ's presence. Swiss was also a Theocracy (A Government run by Religion).

Anabaptists

In the reformation, the most radical member of the protestant group that believed in baptizing only those people who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state, it was literal interpretation.

Spirtualists

An isolated individualist group in the Reformation that believed the only religious authority was the Spirit of God.

Antitrinitarians

Persecuted radical Protestants who used commonsense, reason, and ethics to deal with religion; denied the existence & holiness of the trinity. They were defenders of religious toleration and opposed Calvinism's emphasis on original sin and predestination.

John Calvin

This French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative governme

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

Johannes Textzel

A priest that works for the Church to sell relics and indulgences. He sells the items not for salvation, but for money because of greed. Martin Luther saw him and was furious with his actions. One of Textzel's saying is, "When the coin in the coffer rings

Sir Thomas More

1478-1535, English lawyer, statesman and humanist writer. Author of Utopia published in Latin, 1516. Describes perfect society on imaginary island. By lifting up general principles of morality as the bedrock of this "utopian" civilization, More was condem

John Knox

He was a man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He was a passionate preacher who set to work reforming the Church of Scotland. He persuaded parliament to banish church authority; he then established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland that ran

Family Life in the Early Modern Europe

How-to-books, new ways to live, late marriage, birth controls, and family size were huge.

Protestant Education on Women

Women became more independent, they became married at a later age, and they knew more about literature(reading and writing).

Protestant impact on Social Roles

- far fewer clergy
-less visible presesnce of clergy
-preached in vernacular
churches were stripped of their imagery
-clergy could marry and can be punished for crimes in civil courts
-laity and clergy had roughly equal power on committees - magistrate ha

Church and State

- Religious groups are exempt from many social obligations, such as taxes (exit)
- But can affect the outcome of policy decisions (voice)
- Marriage licenses are issued by the government but can also be signed by government officials or clergy members.
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Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. After defeat of Schmalkaldic League, Charles issued the Augsburg Interim (1548).
Ordered that all Protestants must return to their Catholic beliefs and traditio

Cujus Regio, Ejus Religio

Ruler of the land had a right to determine the religion in his/her region.

Expansion of the Reformation

-in the 1530s, Lutheranism became Denmark's state religion
-new Protestant churches sprang up all around Germany + in politically splinted Poland
-Lutherans, Calvinists and others found rooms to practice their beliefs
-Calvinism spreads to France from Gen

Counter Reformation

Goal:Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to Strengthen the Catholic Church by gaining more support.
Jesuits are more radical Catholics that can convert people into the Catholic religion fast and efficiently.
Council of Trent: Cal

When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory Springs.

Johannes Textzel's saying to make people pay for indulgences.

English Reformation

Henry the VIII wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, but he couldn't so he went through parliaments, they are: The Act of Annates, The Act of Appeals, The Act of Supremacy. The Act of Supremacy is the 8th act, that made him the head in the Church of Anglican. He n

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, half sister of Mary I, leader of Protestant nations of Europe, "the only supreme governor" of the church and state, defeated Spanish Armada, executes Mary I, followed a pol

Mary I

This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants, Daughter of Catherine and Henry VIII, tried to return England to Catholicism, killed many protestant heretics, married Phil

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisers Cromwell and Cranmer, and dies at age 15.

French Wars of Religion

-mid to late 16th century
-calvanists (led by Genevans) vs. Catholics (led by Jesuits)
-National/ interational wars: struggle for control of France/ Netherlands/ England/ Scotland, 30 years war- every European Country involved, France civil war
- Catholic

Henry IV

Henry of Navarre- 1st Bourbon King. ended french civil wars- Edict of Nantes- some religious protection of Huguenots ( French Potestants). Assassinated in 1610, Henry of Navarre; was protestant but did not wish to anger catholics. Said "Paris is well wort

Philip II

The son of Charles V was born and educated in Spain. He ruled Spain until his death in 1598. Spain's financial problems grew as he pursued his leadership position as head of the Counter Reformation. He sent the Spanish Armada against England in 1588, but

King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Was the king of Sweden during the the 30 Years War, created a great army; Sweden tied with the Holy Roman Empire.

30 Years War

Cause: Protestant Union v.s Catholic League
Location: Holy Roman Empire
Religious wars culminated in this massive continental conflict, lasting from 1618-1648. Began when Holy Roman emperor tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Catholic Ch

Peace of Westphalia

Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

Politique

A ruler who puts the interests of his or her COUNTRY before his or her personal needs. Examples: Henry IV (France) or Elizabeth I (England)

Holy Roman Empire

Germany,Bohemia ,Italy,Burgundy, and princes who has his own religion in his own region.

Post Reformation Europe

-the wars ended with the recognition of minority religious rights and a guarantee of the traditional boundaries of political sovereignty
-peace in france
-peace and sovereignty in Netherlands
-removal of Spanish threat to english sovereignty
in politics a