Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)
Avignon Papacy
the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome
Great Schism
a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office
Conciliar Movement
The conciliarists believed that church authority rested in the council's representing the people, not the authority of the pope. They believed that reform of the church could best be achieved through council's or assemblies representing the Christian peop
Lollards
followers of John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe
(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. Preached Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the head of the church.
Jan Huss
prominent Catholic priest who criticized the purchase of indulgences and the right of bishops and popes to take up the sword in the name of the Church; burned at the stake
Hussites
followers of Jan Hus; resisted the church and Holy Roman emperor
Modern Devotion
centered in the Netherlands, led by the Brothers of the Common life, which encouraged religious life outside the clergy
Benefices
This was when the Church gave land to a person, to keep until they died, as a reward for some kind of service. The Church of England kept this practice, but other Protestants got ended it.
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Justification By Faith
Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation
95 Theses
written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences. Post
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
treasury of merit
In 1343, Pope Clement VI proclaimed the existence of this. It was an infinite reservoir of good works in the church's possession that could be dispensed at the pope's discretion.
Johann Tetzel
This was the man who was hired by Archbishop Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences, which he did extremely successfully. Caused Luther to write 95 Theses.
Charles V (HRE)
King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor who began the Hapsburg dynasty; created a bureaucracy in Spain; abdicated all of his thrones in 1556 possibly because he was unable to preserve the Church against Luther
Johann Eck
He defeated Luther in the Leipzig Debate over indulgences in July 1519. He forced Luther to deny authority of popes and councils.
Leipzig Debate
ML debates with papal representative and famous theologian, Johann Eck, at Universtiy of Leipzig. ML, in attacking the doctrine of indulgences, challenges the Pope's supremacy. Eck accuses him of being another Huss. ML unable to deny this.
Address to the Christian Nobility
questions the separation of the Church vs the state. Luther's appeal to German nobility that they can change the church.
Babylonian Captivity of the Church
book written by Luther attacked the sacramental system and called for the reform of monasticism and for the clergy to marry
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Habsburg/Valois Wars
France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.
Battle of Mohacs
1526: battle in which the Ottoman Turks crushed the HRE, Bohemians, Croatians, and Polish armies and led to the rest of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars
Peasant Revolt
in 1524, the peasants demanded an end to serfdom, and led a revolt; Luther was horrified and wrote a pamphlet to the German princes to show the peasants no mercy; the peasants felt betrayed and rejected Lutheran's religious leadership
Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
Eucharist
a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine
transubstantiation
the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist
Marburg Colloquy
the "shattering of Protestantism" Zwingli and Luther try to unite Swiss Reformation and German reformation, doesn't work b/c of different views. Remained divided forever. Called By Philip of Hesse.
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
Thomas Muntzer
A radical German Anabaptist who was a rebel leader during the Peasants' War of 1524-26. Luther despised Muntzer for his politicization of the Reformation, and they disagreed over several religious doctrines.
spiritualists
A radical movement that was made up of mostly isolated individuals distinguished by their disdain of all tradition and institutions. They believed the only religious authority was God's spirit, which spoke occasionally to everyone. Among them were several
Antitrinitarians
Persecuted radical Protestants who used commonsense, reason, and ethics to deal with religion; denied the existence & holiness of the trinity. They were defenders of religious toleration and opposed Calvinism's emphasis on original sin and predestination.
John Calvin
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564). Developed Calvinism religion.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation.
elect
In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.
reprobate
reject (documents) as invalid
Schmalkaldic League
Formed by newly Protestant/Lutheran princes to DEFEND THEMSELVES against HRE's Charles V's efforts to Catholicize Germany. [Augsburg Confesstion/Schmalkaldic Articles stated their beliefs]
Peace of Augsburg
a 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
cuis regio, eius religio
Latin for "whose region, his religion". This means that the religion of the monarch would be the religion of the people. The term was used in the Peace of Augsburg.
Thomas Wolsey
Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Catherine of Aragon
Firtst wife of King Henry VIII. Queen of England. Produced Henry a daughter. Divorce was the initial step of Reformation in England.
Mary I
This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants. Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
Anne Boleyn
The second wife of King Henry VIII of England; the mother of Queen Elizabeth I. She was convicted of adultery and beheaded.
Elizabeth I
ruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed
Clement VII
Pope who denied Henry VIII of his annulment with Catherine of Aragon, because of political reasons; he was basically Charles V's "prisoner" because his army was in Rome, and Catherine was his aunt.
Convocation of 1531
Recognized Henry as head of Church in England
Submission of the Clergy
A law passed by Henry VIII stating that no church law could be written without the king's permission.
Act of Supremacy
Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical
Act of Succession
document passed by the Reformation Parliament in the same year as the Act of Supremacy that made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne
Jane Seymour
Queen of England as the third wife of Henry VIII and mother of Edward VI (1509-1537). Henrys' "favorite" wife.
Ten Articles
Defined the doctrine of the English Church - followed Catholic teaching other than papal supremacy & rejected Protestant beliefs
Six Articles
the seven sacraments were upheld, Catholic theology was maintained against the tenets of both Lutheranism and Calvinism, and the authority of the monarch replaced the authority of the Pope.
Edward VI
(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer. Protestant ideas became a significant inf
Acts of Uniformity
Passed by Elizabeth I. Required everyone to go to church or pay a fine.
Book of Common Prayer
the official prayer and liturgical (worship manual) book of Anglicanism. Charles I and Laud tried to impose it upon all Protestant churches in England- many people resisted. The Scots hated it. Written by Thomas Cranmer.
Counter-Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
Theatines
This was a religious order founded in 1524 to groom devout and reform-minded leaders at the higher levels of the church hierarchy.
Barnabites
Catholic Reform order established in 1530 that directed its efforts at repairing the moral, spiritual, and physical damage done to people in war-torn areas of Italy
Ursulines
This was an order for women that established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls for all social classes that became very influential.
Ignatius Loyola
Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Spiritual Exercises
During a year of intense prayer, St. Ignatius was inspired to write this guide for spiritual perfection, which is divided into reflections and meditations meant to help the believer emulate Christ.
Council of Trent
The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.