Indulgences
pardon sold by Christian church to reduce one's punishment
Desiderius Erasmus's The Praise of Folly
Erasmus emphasized inner piety and simplicity; Praise of Folly exposed the corrupt practices and abuses of the Church and its members.
Thomas More's Utopia
He was an English humanist who wrote about the perfect society whith christian principals (ex of nothern renaissance)
Pluralism and Absenteeism
In order to increase their revenues high church
officials(bishops, archbishops, and cardinals) took over more then one church office-pluralism-which led to absenteeism:church officials ignored their duties and hired underlings who were sometimes no qualif
Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ
book that downplayed religious dogma & stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus; said we would be judged by what we've done and how religiously we've lived, not what we've read/how we've spoken
The Sacraments
Were a Catholic's chief means of receiving God's grace.
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Salvation by Faith
Luther's doctrine that salvation is achieved by faith alone
Priesthood of all Believers
as long as one believes in god then he doesnt need the church to have a personal relationship with god
Johann Tetzel & Indulgences
One of Luther's enemies, sold papal pardons from sin. Focus of the Ninety Five Theses which Luther posted on Wittenburg Church door
95 Theses
Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.
The Edict of Worms
Made Martin Luther an outlaw
The Peasants' War, 1524
Revolts of German states- causes were Religious, Economic, Political. Not supported by Luther
Transubstantiation
A doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that teaches that during the Eucharist the substance of bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.
The Protestant Minister and Family
They now can get married and have a family
Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
Pope Clement VII
(r. 1523-34) Pope during the Sack of Rome. Also refused to recognized Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon, which led to the English Reformation.
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most famous Sultan of the Ottomans, Suleiman the magnificent led the Ottomans into a golden age in 1520-1566.
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Gustavus Vasa
leader of Swedish barons who overthrew Christian II and went on to become king of Sweden and established a Lutheran Reformation
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss priest whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)
Marburg Colloquy
(1529) The Protestants fails to make an alliance or agreement with the Lutherans, "shattering of Protestantism".
Anabaptist, Munster
The town when Anabaptists became spiritualist, people that believe in the Holy Spirit to tell them what to do.
Millenarianism
Belief that the end of the world was at hand and Anabaptist would usher in the kingdom of God with Munster as the New Jerusalem.
Menno Simons
Man responsible for rejuvenating Dutch Anabaptism.
Henry VIII's Wives
Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleeves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.
Act of Supremacy
Declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the church of England in 1534.
Book of Common Prayer
The Anglican service book of the church of England.
Edward VI
King of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553.
John Calvin
Stands out as a systematic theologian and organizer of the Protestant Movement.
Predestination
Previous determination as if by destiny or fate.
Geneva
Became hone to Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas.
Protestant Education
Focused on the Bible, cleanliness, work ethic,and good citizenship.
Puritans
English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie.
Catholic Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Saint Teresa of Avila
Led the reform of Carmelites; believed women had to completely withdraw from the world around them to achieve true devotion.
Ignatius Loyola
Founded Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Jesuits
Members of Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola.
Francis Xavier
Man who helped Ignatius Loyola to start Jesuits. Famous for numbers of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity.
Pope Paul III
Was the Pope that called the Council of Trent.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and score reconciliation with the Protestants.
Huguenots and Saint Bartholomew's Day
French Calvinists of all level of society. About 7% of French population.
Henry IV & Edict of Nantes
Decree from King Henry IV that established Catholicism as official religion of France.
Philip II
Most Catholic King.