Rembrandt van Rijn
Considered one of the greatest Dutch Baroque artists, his financial success was offset by tragic deaths of two wives and all four of his sons.
James I
King of England (1603-1625) and of Scotland as James VI (1567-1625). The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England. His belief in the divine right of kings and his attempts to abolish Parliament
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
James II
This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
Charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
William & Mary
King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.
Robert Walpole
King George II's chief minister until 1742 who worked for peace. He strengthened the role of Britain's cabinet and stabilized the political landscape, earning him the label as the first english "Prime Minister".
Louis XIV
king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715); He was the prime example of absolutism in France
Cardinal Mazarin
became dominant power in the government. Continued the centralizing powers of Richelieu, but in 1648 his unoular attempts to increase roal revenues and expand the state bureaucracy resulted in a widesread rebellion known as the Fronde.
Maria Theresa
Empress of Austria, 1740-1780, made sure all her children were educated, did away with forced labor for peasants of austria, the reforms made-brought greater equality for austrian society
Frederick William I
Son of Frederick I who became king of Prussia, doubled the size of Prussian Army; made it most efficient force in Europe
Peter the Great
ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia
Archbishop Laud
he was the archbishop of Canterbury and he supported King Charles I but opposed radical forms of Puritanism, and this resulted in his beheading.
Bishop Bossuet
tutor of louis XIV who taught about the divine right of the monarchy, which helped secure louis' ideal of absolute monarchy
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.
Philip of Anjou
grandson of Louis XIV who was granted the entire Spanish inheritance by Charles II and became Philip V of Spain. His grandfather's domineering actions of invasion as a result caused the War of the Spanish Succession
Frederick William
the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688)
Frederick "the Great
This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler
The Spanish Netherlands
Land attempted to be taken by Spain (Phillip II). Led to William of Oranges resistance and the Pacification of Ghent (POA)
The Dutch Republic
During the 17th century, this country's dominance of shipping and trade made it Europe's greatest commercial power
Versailles
Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.
Prussia
a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland
Brandenburg - Prussia
Ruled by Hohenzollerns. Landowning nobility - Junkers (resisted kings power). Very aggressive. Brandenburg and Prussia are German states. Fredrick William was the ruler and later known as the great elector.
Window to the West
Peter the Great went on a tour of Europe and came back to Europe wanting Russia to be more like the rest of Europe, so he had boyars shave their beards, but also built St. Petersburg.
Dutch Golden Age
Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry
Stuart Monarchy
Family of Monarchs in England after the Tudors. James VI of Scotland becomes the first Stuart Monarch (James I) in 1603 after his cousin Elizabeth I dies. England develops a limited (constitutional) monarchy during their rein.
English Civil War
civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
The Commonwealth
the official church of England declared England a republic, (aka), under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell
Lord Protector
Cromwell disbanded parliament and took this title when parliament moved to quit funding the New Model Army
Puritan Revolution
A reference to the English civil war (1642-1646), waged to determine whether sovereignty would reside in the monarch or in Parliament.
The Restoration
This was the re-establishment of the monarchy in England under Charles II. Both houses of Parliament were restored but the religious tensions still were present in England
The Glorious Revolution
The English Parliament drove out an absolute monarch and replaced him with two constitutional monarch's William and Mary
Bill of Rights
1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution.
Divine Right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
The Sun King
Louis XIV
L'etat, c'est moi
I am the state
War of Spanish Succession
The war that resulted from the heirless death of Charles II; in order to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns, the Grand Alliance declared war on France and the French.
Edict of Fontainbleau
Issued by Louis XIV of France in October 1685, revoking the Edict of Nantes. Ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools. Rights previously guaranteed to French Huguenots by the Edict of Nantes had been withdrawn.
Pragmatic Sanction
Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.
Hohenzollerns
the house that ruled Prussia, they gradually won control over the Brandenburg through mariages, giving them control of German principalities in central and western Germany.
Junkers
Prussian nobles
Romanovs
Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917.
Boyars
Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts
Great Northern War
Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea
Table of Ranks
created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on merit
Petition of Rights
limited the English monarchs power to tax people without the consent of parliment and garenteed certain rights to English subjects
The Short Parliament
April-May 1640. After the English Parliament demanded the king to redress a series of religious and political grievances in order to fund the oppression of the Scotish rebellion, Parliament was dissolved.
Roundheads
A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war
Cavaliers
In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.
Rump Parliament
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
The Test Act
Anti-Catholic laws passed by Parliament. Created a religious test for public office stating only members of the established Church of England were eligible for service.
Toleration Act
This guaranteed religious freedom to almost all Protestants in England under the monarchy of William and Mary.
The Fronde
a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism
Nobles of the Robe
French nobles who became noble by civil service or bought their positions
Nobles of the Sword
The oldest and most powerful nobles traditionally called on by the monarchy to provide military support.
Jansenists
17th century Catholic opponents of the Jesuits.
Patriarchs
The "fathers of faith,"male rulers,elders,or leaders. Patriarchs of faith of israel are Abraham,Issac,and Jacob.