New Monarchs
Consolidated power and created the foundation for Europes first modern nation-states in France, England, and Spain.
Lous XI-France,
Henry VII- England
Ferdinand and Isabella- Spain
Never achieved absolute power
Characteristics of New monarchies
Reduced power of the nobility
Advent of gunpowder
Reduced the politcal power of the clergy
Created more efficient beuracracies
Increased the political influence of the bourgeoisie
Increased public debt by taking out loans
Reducing power of the nobility
taxations, confiscation of lands, hiring mercanary armies or the creation of standing armies
Gunpowder
results int the production of muskets and cannons
increased the vulnerability of noble armies and their knights
Reduced the power of the clergy
the church is no longer supreme to the state
Bureaucracies
complex systems with many departments and rules
Enabled New Monarchs to begin centralizing control of their realms
Bourgeoisie
Kinda upper middle class
King gave them power to reduce powers from the nobles and clergy
Louis XI "Spider King
He's a VALOIS
Created a large royal army
Deals ruthlessly with nobles
Increased taxes
Exerted power over the clergy
Actively encouraged economic growth
Strategic marraiges
Francis I
still VALOIS
Concordat of Bolgna
Agreement between Francis and the Pope
The king of France now had power to appoint bishops in the French Church
Recognized the supremacy of the papacy over a council
This gave the Pope many rights, it gave teh king more
It will create recptive audience fo
Taille
Francis instituted a direct head tax on land and property which enabled the French gov't to expand its bugdget for a biger army
War of the Roses
House of York vs House of Lancaster
York won and gave rise to the Tudor dynasty which would rule til 1603
Henry VII
First tudor after the war of the roses
Reduced power of the nobility through Star Chamber
Didn't allow nobles to have private armies
English parliament gained power so he didnt have as much power over taxation
Had to disband army in peacetime
Star Chamber
Nobles were tried without a jury,couldnt confron witnesses and were often tortured
Room had stars in it
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Unified Spain
Isabella is the brains of the relationship, iron will,orders destruction of nobles' castles, wants to reduce isolation of Spain because of Pyranees mts.
She tries to homogenize Spain.
Isam came into Spain
Reconquista, 1492
Isabella's idea
Goal was to remove the last of the Moors (muslims) and the Jews and Christianize Spain
Loss of Jews and Moors resulted in a significant decline in the Spanish middle-class
Between 30,000-60,000 Jew expelled
Gives her a bad rep in the long
hermandades
alliances of cities to oppose nobles
helped bring cities in line with royal authority
Spanish Inquisitions
Concieved by Isabella
Monarchy enforced the authority of the national Catholic church
They got rid of all outside influences so during the reformation, Spain stayed Catholic
Tomas de Torquemada
a dominican monk that oversaw the inquisition
conversos
Jews who converted to Christianity but were now suspected of back sliding into Judaism
They were targeted in the inquisition
The Hapsburg Empire (HRE)
300 semi-autonomous German states
NOT a "New Monarchy
Maximillian I
gained territory in eastern France via marriage to Mary of Burgundy
Sparked dynastic struggle between Valois and Hapsburgs that lasted till 1559
Charles V
most powerful ruler in the 16th century
As Holy Roman Emperor he controlled the AustrianHapsburg lands while ruling the SPanish Empire at the
Sacked Rome in 1527
Watned to prevent spread of Protestant Reformation in Germany
Hapsburg- Valois Wars
HRE was locked in a dynastic struggle with Francis I for control of Burgundy and territories in Italy