AP Euro ch 20 ID's

Act of Union

1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.

Burschenchaften

Associations of Liberal or nationalist German students

Carlsbad Decrees

Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent comittee with spies to punish any liberal or radical organization.

Castlereagh

British foreign secretary who provided for the restoration of the French monarchy and the contraction of France to its 1792 borders during the Congress of Vienna

Chamber of Deputies

One of the hoiuses of the Third Republic (1875); Elected by universal male suffrage

Charles X

set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in teh legislative assemly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.

Concert of Europe

A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I.

Czar Alexander I

Czar of Russia from 1801 to 1825; after the defeat of Napoleon's army in 1812, he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe, supporting the suppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe

Decembrist Revolt

place in Russia on December 14 1825, Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession.

Duke of Wellington

Prime Minister of England, 1828 to 1830. Tory but very reactionary. No in favor of reforms and made it difficult for tory reformers to get more done. But Tories lost in election of 1830 to Whigs. New Whig govt under Earl Grey then introduced the Reform Bi

Frederick William III

Prussian King during Napoleonic Era, instituted political and institutional reforms in response to Prussia's defeat by Napoleon. (reforms included abolition of serfdom, created self-government though town councils, expansion of schools, and establishment

German Confederation of States

The loose association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries.

Great Reform Bill

Reformed British house of Commons and expanded electorate to include wider variety of propertied classes. Laid groundwork for further reforms in British constitution

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic rep

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

July Revolution

The July Revolution (also called the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. The July Revolution is important because it marked the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the H

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Leopold I

the head of Habsburg elected in 1657 and in return keeping two promises: give no help to his cousins, the rulers of Spain, and the empire would be a state of princes, in which each ruler would be free from imperial interference

Liberalism

a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and

Louis Philippe

Orleanist king of France, 1830-48. "Citizen king" of July Monarchy (less regally dressed and carried an umbrella) who did not side with liberals vs. radicals but instead opposed both and resisted all change. He might have succeeded in keeping some degree

Louis XVIII

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature co

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Organic Statute

Legislative acts dealing with non-constitutional matters,Statute: formal decision put in place by legislative body -Organic statutes are laws put in place by a legislative boy that refer SPECIFICALLY to constitutional matters. -can be referenced and enfor

Otto I

Established self a kingdom in n. Germany. He entered Italy twice to protect the church. He eventually was crowned emperor, the first of the Holy Roman Empire

Peterloo Massacre

1819, Calvary attacked a crowd of protesters (working-classmen protesting about the rising prices of bread) at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. This led Parliament to become more repressive and begin to restrict such meetings.

Quadruple Alliance

G.B., Austria, Prussia, and Russia united to defeat France and their Bonapartism, and also to ensure peace after war. After Napoleon, they resotred the Bourbon monarchy to France.

Robert Peel

He was a British policeman who established the London police force and helped pass the Catholic Emancipation Act. He later served as prime minister. To avert the impending catastrophe, Tory Prime Minister Robert Peel joined with the Whigs and a minority o

rotten boroughs

Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s.

the Eastern Question

In Western Europe this was the name given to the problem of what to do with the whole Polish-Turkish tract of land which stretched though Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine into Egypt - particularly as the Powers of Poland and Turkey decayed.

the Sickman of Europe

nickname given to the ottoman empire by Nicholas I since the ottoman empire was growing weaker and weaker and was losing it's former glory like a sick man who gets sicker and sicker thus weaker and weaker

Talleyrand

French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

was an important leader of the Ha�tian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797,

Treaties of London

two treaties that gave Greece it's independence.
first treaty demanded Turkish recognition of Greek independence. Second treaty declared Greece an independent kingdom.`

Two Sicilies

regions of sicily and naples controlled by the Bourbon forces, the kingdom is taken by Garibaldi by September 1860

United Netherlands

formed in 1581 (the Dutch republic), and led by William of Orange I against the Spanish Inquisition, eventually declaring political and religious independence from spain with help from Elizabeth I of GB.

Whig

urged social reform in 19th century England

William IV

King of England and Ireland