Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?
a. inferior vena
b. cavacentral vein
c. hepatic portal vein
d. hepatic vein
c. hepatic portal vein
Which of the following is not a secretion of the pancreas?
nutrient digesting
a. enzymes
b. bile
c. bicarbonate
d. insulin
b. bile
The function of goblet cells is to ________.
a. provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
b. absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
c. secrete buffers
d. produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion?
a. Digestions must happen first for metabolism to follow it.
b. Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions preformed within the body while digestio
b. Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions preformed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract.
The human GI tract is home to a complex ecosystem of over 100 trillion microbial cells, which comprise the gut microbiota. Which of the following is true of the microbiota?
a. Generally, the highest concentration of GI tract microbes is found in the colon
d. All of the above.
Food often contains bacteria, but the HCl of the stomach is effective in killing most ingested microbes.(True/False)
True
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
a. B12
b. A
c. C
d. K
a. B12
An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.
a. increases the activity of the longitudinal layer of the muscular b. increases the activity of the parasympathetic division of the ANS
c. inhibits muscle tone in the anal s
d. inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus
An obstruction by a gallstone is least likely to occur in the ______.
a. common hepatic duct
b. bile duct
c. cystic duct
d. lumen of the hepatopancreatic sphincter
a. common hepatic duct
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
a. submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa
b. muscularis externa, serosa, muc
d.mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Which area of the stomach directly adjoins the small intestine?
a.pylorus
b. body
c. fundus
d. cardia
a.pylorus
Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the distal end of the small intestine?
a. The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be p
a. The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the blood stream.
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.
a. in the oral cavity
b. in the glandular tissue that surround the organ lumen
c. in the pons and medulla
d. in the walls of the tract organs
d. in the walls of the tract organs
Which of the following would likely be absorbed in the stomach?
a. a piece of candy
b. a serving of lean chicken breast
c. a serving of alcohol
d. a serving of pasta
c. a serving of alcohol
A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________.
a. it is likely to cause severe internal bleeding
b. it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity
c. the large intestine will no longer be able to receive digested material
...
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
a. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
b. less than the pressure in the atmosphere
c. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
d. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
a. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
The larynx contains ________.
a. the thyroid cartilage
b. an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
c. lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
d. a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple
a. the thyroid cartilage
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
True/False
False
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.
a. During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
b. During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.
c.
c. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
a.coryza
b.emphysema
c. pneumonia
d.tuberculosis
b.emphysema
The paired lungs occupy the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
True/False
False
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
True/False
True
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
a. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
b. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
c. negative pressure in the intrapleural space
d.pressure within the pleural cavity
b. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
a. acidosis
b. increase of carbon dioxide
c. loss of oxygen in tissues
d. alkalosis
b. increase of carbon dioxide
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
a. action of the epiglottis
b.porous structure of turbinate bones
c.ciliated mucous lining in the nose
d. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
c.ciliated mucous lining in the nose
Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?
a. immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb
b. hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body
c. slow breathing into a paper bag
d. hype
d. hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body
Which statement about CO2 is FALSE?
a. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
b. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
c. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
d. Its
c. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
Labored breathing is termed hypercapnia.
True/False
False
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
a. air (gases) flows into lungs
b. intrapulmonary pressure drops
c. diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
d. thoracic cavity volume decreases
c. diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
True/False
True
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
a. partial pressure of carbon dioxide
b. temperature
c. number of red blood cells
d.partial pressure of oxygen
c. number of red blood cells
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?
a. rising carbon dioxide levels
b.rising blood pressure
c. arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg
d.acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
b.rising blood pressure
Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.
a. tidal volume; vital capacity
b. intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure
c. thoracic cavity volume; lung volume
d. intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
d. intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.
a. During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
b. During normal activity, a molecule of hem
d. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal
The inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
True/False
False
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.
a. replace mucus in the alveoli
b. protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
c. secrete surfactant
d.tra
c. secrete surfactant
A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.
A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.True/False
False
Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae?
a. assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
b. help divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
c. help limit the spread of local infection
d. sallow th
a. assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
Which of the following is TRUE regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
a. It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall.
b. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspira
b. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
a. diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
b.thoracic cavity volume decreases
c. air (gases) flows into lungs
d. intrapulmonary pressure drops
a. diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
a. Henry's law
b. Dalton's law
c. Boyle's law
d. Charles' law
c. Boyle's law
Labored breathing is termed hypercapnia.
Labored breathing is termed hypercapnia.True/False
False
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
a.pons and midbrain
b. midbrain and medulla
c. medulla and pon
d. supper spinal cord and medulla
c. medulla and pon