Define Endocrine system
Made up of glands that release hormones into the blood. Hormones deliver messages throughout the body.
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are released in one part of the body, travel through the blood, and affect cells in other parts of the body.
Target Cells
Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone.
Exocrine Glands
Release secretions through ducts either out of the body (sweat, tears) or into the digestive tract (digestive enzymes).
Endocrine Gland
Release secretions (hormones) into the blood, which transports them everywhere.
Role of Insulin
Released after a meal (high blood sugar)
Cells take glucose out of the blood
Targets ...
Liver and skeletal muscles to store glucose as glycogen
Fat tissue to store glucose as lipids
Role of Glucagon
Released when blood sugar gets too low
Cells release glucose into the blood
Targets ...
Liver and skeletal muscles to break down glycogen to glucose
Fat tissue to break down fats to glucose
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune disease, starts at young age
Immune system kills insulin secreting cells in the pancreas, so no insulin can be made.
Type 2 Diabetes
-Developed from bad diets, starts age ~40
Produce low or normal insulin levels, but target cells are desensitized and do not lower blood sugar levels.
New or more powerful insulin is needed.
Define and label parts of the male reproductive system.
Define and label parts of the female reproductive system.
Oogenesis
The production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
Spermatogenesis
Formation of sperm
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Released from pituitary gland
Triggers ovulation: the release of an ovule (egg) into the oviduct (fallopian tubes)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Released from pituitary gland
Stimulates growth of follicle, which releases estrogen
Estrogen
Released from follicle/corpus luteum
Triggers burst of LH and FSH to cause ovulation
Then reduces LH and FSH, thickens uterine lining (endometrium)
Progesterone
Released by corpus luteum
Increases blood flow to endometrium.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Released by fertilized egg that is implanted
Maintains the corpus luteum.
Follicular Phase
-Low estrogen levels.
-Hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
-FSH and LH go to ovary and cause one, or sometimes more, follicles to mature.
-Surrounding cells start to release estrogen, which shuts down FSH and LH production.
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Ovulation
The release of an egg from the ovary into one of the Fallopian tubes.
Luteal Phase
-Egg moves through Fallopian tubes.
-Ruptured follicle in ovary turns yellow and forms the corpus luteum (yellow body).
-Releases estrogen and progesterone.
-FSH and LH drop, so no more eggs are released.
-Progesterone stimulates growth and development of
Menstruation
-If unfertilized, low LH levels deteriorate corpus luteum.
-This lowers estrogen and progesterone levels.
-Uterine wall, blood, along with unfertilized egg detach and are discharged.
-Low estrogen stimulates increased FSH and LH levels and the cycle start
Pregnancy
-If fertilized, egg divides to form zygote.
-Zygote implants in uterine wall to grow.
-Releases HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin), which maintains the corpus luteum by making LH.
-This stops the menstrual cycle (no estrogen drop)
ovarian and menstrual cycle
Define and list examples of organization of the body (levels of structure)
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Cells
The basic unit of structure and
function in living things. Specialized for certain functions.
Tissues
A group of cells that perform a single function
Organs
A group of different tissues that work together to perform one or more functions.
Organ System
A group of organs that perform closely related functions.
List and Describe the four major tissues found in the human body
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Epithelial Tissue
The tissue that lines the interior and exterior body surfaces.
Connective Tissue
Tissue that provides support for the body and connects its parts.
Nervous Tissue
Collections of neurons that transmit nerve impulses throughout the body.
Muscle Tissue
Tissue that makes movements of the body possible.
State the basic roles and list examples of certain nutrients
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Water
Makes up blood, extracellular fluid, and body fluids. How do we lose water?
Urine, sweat, and breathing.
Vitamins
Help perform chemical reactions in the body.
They are the builders/makers.
Minerals
Inorganic Calcium for strong bones. Iron for hemoglobin and oxygen transport in blood cells.
Name the monomers, polymers, and biological importance of each key nutrient
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Carbohydrates
Polymer- Polysaccharides, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Monomer- Monosaccharides, Glucose, Fructose
Enzyme-Amylase Lactase
Function- Energy, Cellular respiration, fiber
Proteins
Polymer- Polypeptide
Monomer- Amino acid
Enzyme- Pepsin, Trypsin, Peptidase
Function- Enzyme, Structure - muscle, hair, nails,Transport, Cell membranes, Anti-bodies, Hormones
Fats (lipids)
Polymer-Fats Saturated, Unsaturated
Phospholipids
Monomer- Fatty Acid, Glycerol
Enzyme- Lipase
Function- Absorb vitamins, Cell membranes, Nerve cells, Hormones, Protect/Insulate organs, Stored energy
Define digestion and describe the four phases in which it occurs
Ingestion- Food enters body
Digestion- Food broken down into small pieces for absorption
Absorption-Food particles absorbed and sent around the body.
Elimination- Material that cannot be used leaves the body.
Describe the two different kinds of digestion that occur in most digestive organs.
Mechanical Digestion- Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.
Examples: Chewing and churning of stomach.
Chemical Digestion- Enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use.
Examples: (Hydrolases) Hydrolysis reac
List the function, importance, enzymes, and features of each key digestive organ. Be able to label them on a diagram
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Mouth
Ingests food.
Mechanical breakdown to make bolus.
Amylase in saliva to break down starches (carbs).
Pharynx
Epiglottis guides food to esophagus.
Ability to swallow food and prevents choking
Esophagus
Peristalsis pushes food to stomach.
Stomach
Churning for mechanical digestion.
Hydrochloric acid for chemical digestion.
Mucus to protect stomach lining.
Sphincters to contain the chyme.
Pepsin to digest protein.
Small intestine
Duodenum completes the mechanical and chemical digestion of food with help from Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas.
Villi and microvilli allow blood to absorb nutrients.
Longest part of alimentary canal
Performs chemical digestion and absorption
Name based
liver and gallbladder
Liver makes bile
Gall Bladder stores bile
Bile consists of salts and lipids
NO enzymes
Emulsification
Muscular turning of small intestine to break fat down
Help lipase digest fats
Pancreas
Sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids: prevents harm to the small intestine.
Amylase, lipase, and trypsin to complete digestion.
The large intestine
E.coli assist with digestion.
Absorbs water.
Rectum and Anus
Stores waste until elimination.
Define the excretory system and list what each major organ excretes
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Skin
Excretes excess water, salts, and some urea
Lungs
Excrete carbon dioxide and small amounts of water
The liver
Converts toxic wastes into urea, which is then filtered from the blood and excreted.
Kidneys
Pair of organs at your lower back.
Complex filtering process (diffusion) removes excess water, urea, and wastes from the blood.
This is called urine, which is transported through ureters to the bladder and is later released from the urethra.