Capital
a ready supply of money
Entrepreneur
people who found new business opportunities and new ways to make money; the risk takers, organizers, managers, etc.
Cottage Industry
manufacturing done in people's rural homes, mostly textile (raw material made into a good)
Puddling
the process in which coke, derived from coal, is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron; makes very hard metal (method founded by Henry Cort in 1783)
Industrial Capitalism
an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing; a new social class, the Industrial middle class (people who invested)
Socialism
a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, own and controls the means of production; everyone is completely equal
James Hargreaves
the inventor of the Spinning Jenny (1764); the machine spun thread faster than the weavers could use it
Edmund Cartwright:
the inventor of the water-powered loom (1787); allowing the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of thread
James Watt
the man that took the steam engine and enabled it to drive machinery, allowing steam power to spin and weave cotton
What was the significance of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain?
- changing agricultural practices
- population grew
- gave Great Britain a ready supply of money
- natural resources were plentiful
- markets gave manufacturers a ready outlet for goods
*less farmers
*urbanization
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?
cotton manufacturers needed more efficient ways to produce mass amounts of cotton in short amounts of time
*the enclosure act: gave people equal amounts of land, which drove people into cities because they didn't have enough land to produce enough food fo
What factors fed the spread of industrialization in Europe and North America?
- governments actively funded industrialization of their country
- the US population grew dramatically in a short amount of time
- farmers moved to cities
- improved transportation: railroads were built, steam boats became safer and more widespread
What was the social impact of industrialization in Europe?
- major growth in the population
- urbanization of cities
- two new social classes: the industrial middle class, and the industrial working class
- first rules and regulations were set (The Factory Act of 1833 ~ Child Labor)
Why do you think the working conditions during the Industrial Revolution led some to argue for socialism?
- people would show their natural goodness
- a cooperative environment would be present
- everyone would be equal, unlike the capitalism they were currently living in
Assembly Line
invented by Henry Ford (1913); a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods
Mass Production
production of good in quantity usually by machinery
Bourgeoisie
the middle class (oppressors; including merchants, industrialists, and professional people)
Proletariat
the working class (were oppressed; people that worked in the factories, making small wages with harsh working conditions)
Revisionists
Marxists that rejected the violent approach, instead believing in revolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism
Karl Marx
an industrially working man who blamed the system of industrial capitalism for the awful working conditions; co-author of "The Communist Manifesto
What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe?
C: electricity
E: allowed factories to run 24 hours a day, with new electrical lights, radios, etc.
C: Henry Bessemer's new process of making high-quality steel
E: much more steel was made much more efficiently, leading to the...
C: development of the int
How were the effects of the industrialization uneven across Europe?
Europe was divided into two economic zones. The first consisting of Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Germany. These countries were highly industrialized, with high standards of living, and advanced modes of transportation. People livin
How was socialism a response to industrialization?
Members of the working class organized themselves into political parties, running for office and trying to get elected in order to improve condition in factories and for the working class in general
What issues divided pure Marxist socialists from revisionists?
They were separated by their goals, both wanting to help the working class, yet approaching the situation in different ways. Pure Marxist Socialist thought that the only way that capitalism could be destroyed was through violent actions, while revisionist
Feminism
the movement for women's rights that advocated equality for women based on the doctrine of natural rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)
Suffrage
the right to vote (not suffering!)
Why did European cities grow so quickly in the nineteenth century?
- few jobs were available on farms after the enclosure act
- cottage industry was inefficient
- ^ people migrated to find work in factories, causing the population of cities to skyrocket
- better public health and sanitation after the cholera out break be
Discuss the major social changes that occurred during the Second Industrial Revolution.
- The new elite group emerged (the industrialists, bankers, and merchants joined the aristocrats) (5% of the population, but controlled 30%-40% of the wealth) (included military and government leaders)
- Middle class emerged (15% of the population) (rest
How did the Second Industrial Revolution influence women's roles in society?
- gave women new job opportunities, however many still remained at home taking care of children
- the idea of feminism emerged (for women to have equal rights {as men})
How did the working class families change in the 1800s?
- women left home to work in the factories, yet stay-at-home mothers were still a possibility
- children worked in the factories just like the adults (before the child labor acts and laws)
- 10 hour work days
*had Saturday afternoons off to take part in f
What were some reasons governments promoted public education?
- workers were in need of complex skills in order to work in factories
- political leaders wanted more educated voters (women and minorities gained the right to vote) (patriotism among the youth)
- many women found jobs as teachers, which soon became a hi