After the Civil War, 3 groups of Americans settled in the West. Who were they
1. Ranchers
2. Miners
3. Farmers
How did mining in the West after the Civil War differ from mining before the Civil War
Mining moved beyond California, Colorado, and Nevada.
Used hydraulic mining techniques.
Which group of Western Americans most used the "open range" and was hurt by the introduction of barbed wire
Ranchers (cowboys)
What was the Homestead Act of 1862
This law gave away 160 acres of western land to farmers who promised to live on the land for 5 years
One group of western farmers was called the "exodusters". What is an exoduster
An African- American who moved from the Jim Crow South into the West, usually through the Homestead Act
Name two way railroads changed from the era before the Civil War to the Gilded Age
1. Railroads became transcontinental
2. Devolved time-zones
3. Refrigerated cars
The expansion of railroads after the Civil War was helped by two groups: the national government and immigrants. Explain how both groups helped.
The national government gave millions of acres of land grants to complete the transcontinental railroad in order to connect the East with the West
The Chinese and Irish built the Western and Eastern legs of the transcontinental railroad
Name 3 ways western expansion during the Gilded Age impacted Native Americans (plain Indians)
1. Killed buffalo
2. Pushed out of land onto small reservations
3. Assimilate to white culture
What was the final Indian battle in American History
The battle of Wounded Kneee
Western farmers faced serious problems during the Gilded Age, which led to the Populist movement. Name two problems faced by western farmers after the Civil War
1. Crop prices were falling due to overproducing
2. Banks charged high interest rates
3.railroads charged high fees
4. Gov. deflated currency by destroying greenbanks
Who were the Grangers
An early attempt by farmers trying to organize
One of the reforms proposed by the Populist Party was bi-metalism. What is bi-metalim and what is the advantage for Populists.
Using both gold and silver as money rather than just the gold standard. Bi-metalism would lead to inflation of the money supply which would help western farmers
Who were the Populist and name two things they demanded during the Gilded Age
Populist were a Political Party made up of mostly western farmers. Among their demands: government regulation of railroads and banks, a national income-tax, a direct election of senators, bi-metalism
Who was William Jennings Bryan
Presidential candidate for the Populist Party who supported bi-metalism
A: One of the reasons for the boom in industry during the Gilded Age was invention. Name two new invention of this era.
B: Which American was so famous for his inventions that he earned the nickname the "Wizard of Menlo Park
A: Electric light bulb, phonograph, audio recorder, cash registers, typewriters, telephone, Bessemer process, to make steel, assembly lines, the first plane, the first car
B: Thomas Edison
Four major industries helped push the USA into an Industrial Revolution during the Gilded Age. What were these four R.O.S.E. industries
Rose, Oil, Steel, Electricity
What industry was America's first big business and helped stimulate the coal, oil, steel, and glass industries during the Gilded Age
The rairoads
Monopolies began during the Gilded Age. What is a monopoly
A company that controls all or most of an industry
A: Which industries were Vanderbilt and
B: Carnegie involved in
A: Railroad
B: Steel
A: Which industries were Rockefeller and
B: JP Morgan each involved in
A: Oil
B: Banks
During the Gilded Age, businesses were changing. What is a "trust" and a
"holding company
A trust is a company run by a board of "trustees" which is a group of stockholders who help manage a company rather than the owner. (manager or workers)
Owns other companies and controls them through a common board of directors.
What is the difference between horizontal and vertical integration
Horizontal= Buy similar companies to reduce competition.
Vertical= allowed companies to buy companies that supply raw materials or transportation
Monopolists like Carnegie and Rockefeller justified their wealth and power using a number of arguments. Pick two of the following and explain them:
A: Gospel of Wealth
B: Social Darwinism
C: Laissez- Faire policies
A: The idea that God wants some people to make a lot of money so they can give back through charity to make the world a better place
B: Natural selection and evolution
C: The national government does not regulate companies and stays "hands off
During the Gilded Age, 23 million "new immigrants" came to America. What is a "new" immigrant
Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe
Immigrants coming to America came through which "processing center" in New York
Ellis Island
Name three ways cities changed during the Gilded Age
Skyscrapers, urbanization led to growth in cities, mass transit were adding because cities were to big to walk
What is a tenement
An apartment built for poor immigrant workers
Give one example of nativism in America during the Gilded Age
Chinese Exclusion Act
A: What is "labor"
B: What is a "union
A: Workers; typically factory workers
B: group of workers that organize to demand improvements
What is a "collective bargaining" and what tactic did unions to try to accomplish this
Collective bargaining means all members of a union demand better pay or the threaten to strike
How were the Knights of Labor different from the American Federation of Labor
Both were unions, Knights of Labor aloud any workers; the AFL only aloud skilled workers
During the Gilded Age, labor unions and business owners clashed in violent strikes
1. Haymarket
2.Pullman
3. Homestead
What is a political machine
A well organized group of politicians in a city
A: Who was the most famous "boss" of a political machine
B: Why were machine bosses typically seen as corrupt
A: Boss Tweed of New York's Tammany Hall machine
B: Used fraud to win elections
What do Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring have in common
Both political Scandals during President Grant's administration
A: What is a patronage
B: How did the Pendleton Act of 1883 try to end patronage
A: Appointed government workers in the civil service because they are loyal political party members
B: Created an exam that civil service employees had to pass before they could get their jobs
Describe the south during the Gilded Age
The south was experiencing Jim Crow laws that legally segregated the whites from the blacks
A: What is a poll tax
B: What is a literacy test
C: What is a grandfather clause
A: yearly taxes that must be paid in order to vote
B: voters must pass a reading test to vote
C: laws that poor whites from not having to pay a poll tax or pass a literacy test if their father or grandfather could vote prior
Which Supreme Court case said that segregation was legal as long as the options for African- Americans were equal ("separate but equal" doctrine)
Plessy vs. ferguson
How were workers exploited during the Gilded Age
Low Pay, long hours, dangerous conditions, lived in tenements and slums, little power to unionize.