Industrial Revolution
process by which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machinery
crop rotation
A growing method which helps prevent the buildup of soilborne pests and diseases. The vegetable plot is divided into three or four areas each of which is used to grow a specific family of related crops (e.g. the cabbage family). These areas are rotated an
Jethro Tull
invented seed drill -planted seeds in rows rather than scattering them.
Enclosure
improved output but displaced peasant farmers
Displaced farm workers
labor used to tend machines in growing cities
Greater & more consistent food production
reduced the impact of famines.
What improved health
Improvements in hygiene, sanitation, and medical care
Abraham Darby
smelt iron using coal instead of charcoal. RESULT - less expensive and better-quality iron to make parts for steam engines and led to iron bridges and railroad tracks
Thomas Newcomen
invented a steam engine to pump water from mines
James Watt
made Newcomen's engine more efficient. Watt's engine became the power source to run factories, trains, and steamships
anesthetics
Pain reduced during surgery & other procedures
telegraph
Messages instantly sent long distances.
sewing machine
Machines could stitch far faster than a seamstress.
antiseptics
Reducing infections saved lives.
Changes in agricultural practices LED TO what?
population growth BUT LEFT many farmers homeless and jobless. These migrants provided labor for factories and coal mines
Britain- plentiful natural resources, including:
Natural ports
Navigable rivers
Water for canals
Access to the sea
A plentiful supply of coal
Vast supplies of iron
Entrepreneurs needed capital, or $$money$$ to invest, in business enterprises such as
shipping, mining and manufacturing
With a healthy economy, many were now willing to
risk their money on new ventures.
Additional advantages in Britain
Britain had a stable government that supported economic growth, No river tolls, and Powerful British navy protected shipping & overseas trade
Putting-out system
also known as cottage industry, in which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes. Skilled artisans in the towns then finished and dyed the cloth.
High Demand for textiles made it
Britain's largest industry
Problem with the putting-out system
It was too slow to meet growing demand.
flying shuttle
sped up weaving.
spinning jenny
spun several threads at once.
Eli Whitney (American)
In 1793, he invented the cotton gin, which quickly did the job.
Cotton production soon increased exponentially
Power Loom
invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785. It automated the weaving process.
How did The new machines doom the putting-out system.
Machines were too large to put in peasant homes, so they were placed in large sheds along swift-moving rivers, which provided power. Workers came to labor in these factories.
Factories brought together workers and machinery to
produce large quantities of goods.
As production increased, cheaper ways were needed to move products...
Entrepreneurs invested in turnpikes.
and Faster travel for products.
Turnpikes
Earliest form of roads used to transport products
More efficient and inexpensive ways that Factory owners created to move goods.
Canals were dug to link rivers or connect inland towns to coastal ports.
Engineers designed stronger bridges and upgraded harbors
In 1763, the Bridgewater canal was opened.
This success set off a canal-building frenzy because owners profited from the tolls and the price of coal in the city of Manchester was cut in half.
Railroads did not have to follow rivers, and this allowed
the shipment of goods efficiently and quickly over land.
The Liverpool to Manchester line
opened in 1830. It began a railroad-building boom.
Railroad lines crisscrossed England, Europe, and the United States by 1870.
The new technology set off a cycle that dramatically affected how people lived.
More affordable goods caused still lower prices --> Lower prices created more consumers and greater demand-->Lower prices created more consumers and greater demand. (Created a circle)
What were the social effects of the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution brought great riches for entrepreneurs. Millions of workers, however, lived in poverty. As standards of living increased, all of society benefited from industrialization.
Until then, working people suffered in dangerous and unsan
Urbanization
Changes in farming, rising population, and the need for workers that led people to migrate to cities.Overnight, towns and cities near coal or iron mines mushroomed.
Manchester grew from 17,000 people in the 1750s to 70,000 in 1801
The rapid growth of population and industry changed the distribution what two key resources.
People and Labor
bourgeoisie
The new middle class that was created by the industrial revolution. The middle class lived in clean neighborhoods with running water and paved streets. Women stayed home to raise their children.
They included merchants, inventors, investors, and "rags-to-
Tenements
Where the poor lived in tiny, crowded rooms and were packed into vile-smelling slums. Multi-story. Lack of sanitation left waste and rotting garbage in the streets, creating a terrible stench.
Raw sewage was dumped in rivers, contaminating drinking water
Labor unions were illegal so...
Frustrated workers tried to organize secretly, but they lacked a political voice and were powerless to affect change.
Led to violence.
Luddites
Groups who smashed labor-saving machines that were replacing workers.
John Wesley
found Methodism. He encouraged self-improvement through adopting sober and moral ways, and held meetings that featured hymns and sermons stressing forgiveness and salvation. Methodism rekindled workers' hopes and channeled anger into reform.
The technology of the machine age and the rapid pace of industrialization
imposed a harsh new way of life on factory workers. In factories the work pace was rigidly set. Shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours. Tired workers were easily hurt by machines with no safety devices. Textile factory air was polluted with lint.
While rural worker
Most early factory workers were women.
Women could be paid half what men earned.
They were considered easier to manage.
It was believed they could adapt better than men.
This created a double burden on women.
After 12 hours of work, they returned home to care for their families in damp, cro
The mines were even worse than in factories...how?
Crippling coal dust filled workers' lungs.
There were dangers of cave-ins, floods, and explosions.
They worked long hours in darkness.
BUT they earned more than factory workers.
Child labor was accepted
Most children began work at age seven or eight.
Nimble-fingered, small, and quick, they crept into machines to change spools or repair thread.
They worked in dust- and lint-filled rooms.
Children in mines worked in the dark and dampness for long hours, of
factory laws
Child labor reform laws that were passed in the early 1800's. Children's workdays were reduced to 12 hours.
Children under eight were removed from the cotton mills. New laws in the 1830s and 1840s further reduced hours for women and children, sent inspec
Was industrialization a blessing or a curse?
The industrial age brought great hardship.
Pay was low, conditions were terrible, and housing was dismal BUT Workers later gained the vote and political power. Wages rose in time. The cost of new products and of travel dropped.
Thomas Malthus
an English economist who carefully studied the impact of the population explosion in eighteenth-century Britain. He concluded that poverty was unavoidable because the population was growing faster than the nation's ability to grow food.
Thomas Malthus's beliefs
-unless the working class had fewer children, they were doomed to remain in poverty.
-natural events" such as famine or war were the only mechanisms to maintain a sustainable population.
-He was proved to be wrong. Food production rose quickly over the
laissez-faire
This attitude of keeping "hands off" . Eighteenth-century thinkers such as Malthus believed that laws should be allowed to operate without any government interference.
Adam Smith
Most famous among the "laissez-faire" thinkers.
David Ricardo
Like Malthus, Ricardo saw no hope for the working class to escape poverty.
Ricardo opposed help for the poor, contending that this would only lead them to have more children.
Malthus and Ricardo saw the best cure for poverty as the "laws of the free m
Jeremy Bentham
believed there should be some government intervention in the economy. believed that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens." This idea was called utilitarianism.
utilitarianism
The idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens.
John Stuart Mill
A follower of Bentham. Like Bentham and Smith, Mill believed in individual freedom. But he also believed, "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to othe
Capitalism:
Believed that Individuals should own and operate the means of production for profit.
Socialism:
Belief that the people as a whole should own and operate the means of production for the general good.
Utopians
Early socialists who believed that communities should be set up where work was shared and property was commonly owned. The name implied "impractical dreamers.
Robert Owen
set up a Utopian community at his cotton mill in New Lanark, Scotland. Owen's model community was intended to show that mill owners could make a profit and still offer decent wages and conditions.
What did Robert Owen do in New Lanark, Scotland?
Raised wages
Provided schools
Refused to use child labor
Built homes for workers
Ran a profitable business
Karl Marx
German philosopher who condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism. He formulated a new theory of "scientific socialism.
The Communist Manifesto
Published in 1848 by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. In it, they predicted a struggle between the social classes that would lead to a classless society.
The workers would take over all of the means of production, such as the farms, factories, and railways
Marx theorized that all of history was a struggle between whom?
the "haves" and the "have-nots."
In industrialized Western Europe, the "haves" were the business owners or bourgeoisie. The "have-nots" were the workers, or proletariat. In the end, the proletariat would unite along class lines, take control of the means
Proletariat
The workers who were the "have nots
social democracy
a political ideology calling for a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism in Germany. But Russian socialists embraced Marx's ideas and set up a communist-inspired government in 1917.