Define imperialism
the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
What were some motives of imperialism?
1) Economic interest spurs expansion
2) Political and military
3) Humanitarian and Relgious goals
4) Social Darwinism
What were some western advantages?
strong economy, organized government, powerful army and navy, superior technology, medical knowledge
What were some kinds of government?
1) protectorate-->local rulers left, expected to follow advice of European advisors (trade, missionary activity)
2) Sphere of Influence-->an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
3) Direct rule (colony)--> sending officials, sold
Who was Usman dan Fodio?
-called for social and economic change according to Islamic law
-inspired people to rise up against European rulers
Who was Dr. David Livingstone?
-best known British explorer and missionary
-wrote with sympathy and less bias
-opposed slave trade
-thought that the only way to end the slave trade was to open up Africa to Christianity and trade
Who is Henry Stanley?
-journalist that went to central Africa to find Livingstone
-"Dr.Livingston, I presume?"
-hired by King Leopold to explore and arrange treaties with African peoples
King Leopold II of Belgium
-obtained the Congo river basin
-began the scramble for African land
-expolited resources of the Congo
What caused the Boer War and what happened?
Britain clashed with the Boers. When the British acquired the Cape Colony from the Dutch, the Boers (descendants of the Dutch) fled north to create their own republics. When diamonds and gold were discovered in these republics the British and Boers clashe
What was the Berlin Conference?
To avoid bloodshed, European powers met at this conference in 1884. No Africans were invited. The Europeans agreed that a country could not claim any part of Africa without government office there. They recognized Leopald II's hold on the Congo
Who was Menalik the II and what did he do to help Ethiopia remain independent?
He was the ruler of Ethiopa who set out to modernize his country in the Western style. Because of this, he was prepared when the Italians invaded, winning a crushing victory.
Who was Samori Toure?
He fought French forces in West Africa where he tried to build his own empire.
Who is Muhammad Ahmad? What is a Mahdi?
Muhammad Ali announced he was the Mahdi (savior of faith) and he resisted British expansion into Sudan.
What are pashas?
Provincial rulers in the Middle East
What did the sultans want for their countries?
The sultans rejected reform and tried to rebuild the autocratic power. They were conservative and objected to changes inspired by foreign culture.
Who was Muhammad Ali (Egypt)?
He is known as the "father of modern egypt". He insitigated numerous reforms that set Egypt on the path to become a major Middle Eastern power
How did the British gain control of the Suez canal?
The ruler of Egypt was unable to repay loans he had contracted for the canal. To repay the debts, he sold his shares in the canal to the British. The British then made Egypt a protectorate when they gained influence.
Who was Ferdinand de Lesseps?
French entrepreneur who introduced his plans to build the Suez canal?
What are concessions?
Special rights to foreign powers
What did Persia possess that was so valuable to European powers?
oil
How did the British take over India?
They exploited its diversity by encouraging competition and disunity among rival princes.
What company originally was in India?
The British East India Trading Company
What were some reforms the BEITC implemented that caused the Sepoy rebellion?
1) they required sepoys (Indians soldiers in the service) to serve anywhere, either in India or overseas. However, overseas travel was an offense against high-caste Hindu religion.
2) They passed a law that Hindu widows could remarry
3) they issued new ri
What were the effects of the sepoy rebellion?
A bitter legacy and hatred and fear; also the British set up a system of colonial rule in India called the British Raj---it is called a viceroy
What is a viceroy?
India governed in the name of the queen and British officials held top positions in government and army
What was purdah?
The isolation of women in separate quarters?
What were the views of Ram Mohun Roy?
He was a great scholar who believed India could learn from the West. He appreciated many of the British reforms that abolished some of the old traditions like rigid caste systems, purdah, sati, and child marriages. He founded the Hindu college in Calcutta
What happened between the Indian National Congress and Muslim League?
The Indian National Congress was organized by nationalist leaders--they wanted a peaceful protest to gain their ends (greater democracy). the Musli league split because the Muslims felt that a Hindu run government would oppress Muslims.
What was the opium war?
The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers. They wanted Britain to stop the trade--Britian refused, insisting on right of free trade. Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, beginning the Opium War. Britain easily def
What is indemnity and how is it related to the Opium war? What is extraterritoriality?
After the Chinese lost the opium war, they were forced to pay a large indemnity (payment for losses in war).The British gained Hong Kong, 5 Chinese ports, and British citizens living in China were granted extraterritoriality (right to live under their own
What is the Taiping rebellion?
Peasants rebelled due to poverty and hardship. It lasted for 14 years and almost toppled the Qing dynasty
What is the Sino-Japanese War?
A War between China and Japan. The Japanese began to put pressure on China therefore causing the war. The Chinese lost horribly and had to give up Taiwan. The Chinese weakness caused European powers to battle for spheres of influence in China. Eventually,
Who was Guang Xu and what was his "claim to fame"?
He was a young emperor who launched the 100 days reform. He was imprisoned by conservatives and reformers fled for their lives.
What was the Boxer uprising?
Anti-foreign feelings led to an uprising. A group was formed called the Righteous Harmonious Fists. They attacked foreigners and held them in Beijing. However, they were stopped by a collaboration of foreign powers .
Who was Sun Yixian?
He was a spokesperson for a Chinese republic. he believed in nationalism, democracy, and livelihood. He became the president of the new Chinese republic.