Old Imperialism
15-1700s; European Competition for GOLD/silver (and goods/spices, but MOSTLY GOLD)
Spanish Conquistadors
New Imperialism
When one country takes over another country for resources; "Taking" (stealing) the raw/natural resources of another country
"Europeans sought nothing less than direct control over vast territories, mainly in Africa." (336)
Europeans KNOW it's morally wron
Berlin Conference
1884-1885 14 European nations MEET TO DIVIDE AFRICA (so Europe won't go to war over land) + NO Africans @ meeting = Ethnic Strife (conflict) among natives
Shaka (Zulu)
Leader of Zulu (kingdom/people in South Africa)
Battled w/ Boers and defeated by British
Boers
Dutch farmers in South Africa (347); AKA Afrikaners
Great Trek
Boers "disgusted with British rule... moved north", putting many natives onto reservations
Boer War
British/Boers fight for South Africa (b/c DIAMONDS discovered)
British: TOTAL WAR, no one's safe, DETENTION CAMPS (women/children)
British win = South Africa British colony
Muhammad Ali
Officer of Ottoman Empire who took power/est. a separate Egyptian state (343)
Brought reforms to modernize Egypt (army, public schools, textiles, munitions, ships)
Economic growth/ importance leads to Europe building the SUEZ CANAL
Benito Juarez
Mexican National Hero; Prez after Santa Anna; brought liberal reforms - separation of church/state, land distribution to poor, education system for all of Mexico (366)
Toussaint L'overture
Freed Haiti from French rule (was successful b/c did it while Europe had problems of it's own like Napoleon)
Haiti independence INSPIRES South America uprisings
White Man's Burden" (337)
A poem that spread the idea in Europe that the Europeans had a burden to bring civilization to non-whites
Indian National Congress (INC)
formed by a small group of Indians who met in Bombay (aka Mumbai) in 1885 that called for a share in the governing process (358)
Rabindranath Tagore
Life mission: promote Indian Nationalism
Indian author who was also a social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher, singer, and painter (359)
Mohandas Ghandi
used NONVIOLENCE to protest against British and IT WORKS- force British to help the poor/give India independence
Emiliano Zapata
lead peasant movement in Mexico for agrarian (agricultural/land) reform = Mexican revolution = new constitution/ patriotism
Peninsulares
European born (mostly Spain); overseers of American colonies/dominated Latin America + drain Americas of wealth
Top of the Hierarchy
Creoles
European descent born in the Americas; Middle of the Hierarchy (resent Peninsulares)
Controlled land and business, but seen as second class citizens
Mestizos
Mixed Bloods; In the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and Indian descent; Lowest in Hierarchy
Servants and laborers
Cecil Rhodes
Founder of De Beers Mining Co.; Diamonds in Africa
Rhodes wanted to make train running from South Africa to North Africa to get stuff from all of Africa, easily to Europe. "from the Cape to Cairo" (347)
Caudillos
Strong leaders of Mexico; ruled mainly by military force/ supported by the landed elites (366)
Some brought reforms and good/others destructive
"When died/lost power, civil wars for control erupted" (366)
King Mongkut
And Son- King Chulalongkorn- protected Thailand from colonial rule (British/French)
"Both promoted Western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers." (338)
David Livingstone
Missionary who trekked through Central Africa for 30 years
He "disappeared" for a while and HENRY STANLEY (journalist) found him
protectorate
France and Vietnam; "A political unit that depends on another government for its protection." (338)
Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power
indirect rule
colonial government in which "local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status" (339)
cheap way of rule + maintain local customs/culture + convenient + no need for force
direct rule
System of colonial government in which the imperialist power controlled all levels of government and appointed its own officials to govern the colony (339)
Forceful, used soldiers, cause: resistance of natives
Ottoman Empire
The Sick Man of Europe"
Decline: corruption (sons/kings kill each other = chaos), weak leaders, needed modernization
Geopolitics
Interest in taking land for location/products (tactical decision)
British takes Egypt; SUEZ CANAL "Lifeline to India" (connects Mediterranean/Arabic Sea)
Ethiopia
Successful Resistance: Ethiopia was Christian
Henry Stanley
Journalist who found Livingstone
Went on to explore the CONGO and encouraged King Leopald II of Belgium to send settlers
Sepoys
Indian soldiers trained by British army
Sepoy Rebellion (355)
Bacon/Beef fat Bullets
Rebellion effect: indirect rule of India to direct rule
The sun never sets on the British Empire
Because has colonies all around the world
Impact of Colonialism (356-357)
PROS: Modernization (technology), MEDECINE!!!, Ended rival wars among rulers
CONS: British held political/Economic power, Famines b/c of colonial work (Ex. grow cotton v. food), Destroyed some traditional life/culture
viceroy (356)
a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch
India
Unsuccessful Resistance
Maji-maji (water) Rebellion = Spiritual defense
Maxim Guns
Antonio de Santa Anna
corrupt, misuses $, stopped reforms
Texas (Alamo) revolt = Mexican American War = Treaty of Guadalupe (US gets territory from Mexico)
Sim�n Bol�var and Jos� de San Mart�n
Liberators of South America" Destroyed Spanish Colonization in South America
San Martin=South/ Bolivar=North
REMEMBER BOLIVAR met up w/ MARTIN
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexican priest and revolutionary who led a revolt that started the Mexican war of independence
Revolt makes Elites afraid, so they overthrow Spanish rule (to keep power) and make Augustin de Iturbide the leader
Monroe Doctrine
Congress of Vienna threatens to take back colonies in the Americas - President James Monroe proclamation that threat Europe not to interfere w/ Americas or else will go to war
Britain upholds claim + has strong navy to back it up
MOTIVE: Brit. has large i
New Imperialism (south america)
Western country buys raw resources from developing country- processes resources- takes it back and sells it to country for more $
= Huge profits for Euro/Debt+Poverty in colonies b/c too much imports and not enough exports (to this day)
Latin American governments
Led by large landowners, while masses=poverty
Later wrote constitutions (similar to US/democracies)
US in Latin America
Spanish-American War= Cuba/Puerto Rico; Support Panama = Panama Canal, sent in military to protect investments (ex. Haiti/Nicaragua)
US= "big bully" to the north (368)
Rivalry
Euro v. Euro or Euro v. Africa
Motives
Racism: Belief that one racial group is superior to another, Social Darwinism: "Survival of the fittest" but used with race, Euro v. Euro rivalry, "White Man's Burden
Singapore ("city of the lion")
first British Colony, founded by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles; to get close to China for trade/Sphere of influence
Burma (myanmar)
to protect India from the French (Vietnam aka Indochina) and gain land access to China
Vietnam (Indochina)
French protectorate; expands control to Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos = to protect colonies from British
Emilio Aguinaldo
US navy take Philippines in Spanish American War under Commodore George Dewey theeeen...... Emilio steps in
leader of independence movement (revolt) in the Philippines, first against the Spanish then US until defeated by US
Hawaii
Geopolitical for US = 1/2 way from Asia to US
Queen Liliuokalani taken from power by Dole
Resistance
Due to Euro ignoring local customs = REVOLTS (ex. Sepoy rebellion)
Burma- violent against British, put down w/ force (advanced weapons)
Natives w/ western education = leaders of independence using DEMOCRACY
Zamindars
local tax collecting officials in rural India (collected from peasants); took advantage of power, raised taxes/forced peasants to lose land = peasants unhappy.....