What were Luther's main objections to the Catholic Church
The
sale of indulgences; the unquestioned authority of the pope; the
secondary role of the Bible
Why did Luther gain an immediate following?
Some people
genuinely wanted to end Church corruption; others wanted to
take power from the Church to make themselves more powerful
How did Luther's teachings affect people and society in northern
Europe
Luther's teachings lead to the establishment of a new
church and sparked a period of social upheaval and violence as
people fought over religious beliefs
Why did people begin to question the Church at this time
Renaissance
thought encouraged people to question and examine the world around
them.
What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation?
Anger about
Church practices such as selling indulgences; societal upheaval as a
result of a changing economy; the ability of the printing press to spread
ideas quickly.
6. How did the Reformation bring about two different religious
paths in Europe?
Throughout Europe, Catholic monarchs and the
Catholic Church fought back against the Protestant challenge. They
took steps to reform the Church and to restore its spiritual
leadership of the Christian world. Still, Protestant ideas continued
to spread
Who were the Anabaptists?
Protestants who rejected infant
baptism; some also sought radical chang
Why did Protestants develop many different sects, rather just
embracing Lutheranism
People had different criticisms of
Catholicism and different ideas about what the ideal Christian faith
should be.
Why did the Catholic Church remain unchallenged for so long?
Before the Renaissance, people did not think of denying the
Church's authority
Why was the Church of England established
Henry VIII
declared the Church of England independent of Rome when the
pope refused to grant him a divorce of Catherine of Aragon.
How did Henry gain support for his Anglican Church
He kept
some forms of Catholic worship and gave Church lands to
important people
What actions did Queen Elizabeth take to turn England
towards Protestantism
She firmly established Protestant
practices but retained Catholic rituals and ceremonies; thus
bringing about Protestantism gradually and without opposition.
How might Mary's burning of "heretics" have strengthened
the Protestant cause in England
Protestants may have banded
together in opposition to such cruel punishment
How did Luther's ideas differ from those expressed by
the Catholic Church
Luther placed great emphasis on
direct examination of the Bible and people's personal
relationship to God. The Church placed greater emphasis on
the authority of the pope and Church officials
How did revolts against the Roman Catholic Church affect
northern European society
People began to question specific
practices of the Church and the role and practice of religion in general,
leading to the spread of Protestantism.
Why did Calvinists believe that they were the "chosen people"?
They
believed that God had chosen them specifically to build a true Christian
society
What aspects of Calvinism might have appealed to people in a time of
uncertainty
The idea that if they lived good lives, that meant that God
had already chosen them to gain salvation.
How were Calvin's ideas put into practice
In Geneva, Calvinists set up a
theocracy; in other places, Calvinists established churches and led
rebellions
Why did the sale of indulgences become a critical issue during the
Renaissance but not during the Middle Ages?
In medieval times, people
accepted the authority of the Church without question. Influenced by
Renaissance thought, people began to look critically at questionable
church practices
How might Luther have felt about the Calvinist theocracy in Geneva?
Luther probably would have opposed it, because a theocracy added
another layer between people and God.
How did the Renaissance open the door to the Protestant Reformation?
Renaissance thinkers began to question the Church as the sole source of
truth, opening the way for people to question the Church on more specific
issues as wel
Why might the Catholic Church have wanted to establish a rigorous religious
order at the time of the Reformation
The Church wanted to strengthen itself
and train its priests strictly to spread Catholicism.
What does the term Counter-Reformation imply about the causes of this
movement?
That it was a specific response to the Protestant Reformation
What were the basic components of the Catholic Reformation?
Reform of
Church practices; strengthening the Inquisition; founding new religious orders
meant to bolster Catholicism.
Why was religious persecution widespread during the Reformation?
People
were struggling to establish their own faiths as the one true religion.
Why was persecution of Jews and "witches" especially harsh
In a time of
insecurity people looked for others to blame, especially those most unlike
themselves
Why did witch hunting decline with the end of the religious wars, while
persecution of Jews did not?
Catholics and Protestants no longer saw each other
as social outcasts but continued to view Jewish people as outcast
Why might the Catholic Church have found the ideas of Ignatius to be
particularly relevant to the Catholic Reformation?
Ignatius was seen as the kind
of strong and disciplined leader the Church needed to combat the Reformation
Why were Jews and other people persecuted
Because they would not convert
to Christianity, and because of widespread religious intolerance
Why did the Church respond with its Catholic Reformation
It needed to prevent
large numbers of people from embracing Protestantism and thereby weakening
the authority of the Church.
How did reforms cause England to become a Protestant country?
They
gave Henry VIII the idea to break with the Church; his influence caused
the majority of the English to convert to Protestantis
Why were the Anabaptists considered to be radical?
They advocated
great social change and very different interpretations of the Bible