1) What was the Industrial Revolution?
a time period in which people transitioned from making goods by hand to making them by machine
2) Why are entrepreneurs important?
Entrepreneurs spurred industrial growth by creating new inventions
3) Explain how Britain's population explosion of the 1760s helped start the Industrial Revolution.
The more population = the more workers to work in the factories. Also, because of the increase in population Britain was forced to create faster ways to produce food
4) What factors helped Britain take the lead in the Industrial Revolution?
Britain had abundant natural resources such as coal. iron, and water
5) In which industry did the Industrial Revolution begin?
the textile industry
6) What did "enclosure" result in?
New farming techniques
7) How was the factory system an improvement over earlier methods of production?
Housed all resources in one place (natural resources, machines, and workers)
8) Please explain Darwin's theory of evolution. Why did some people oppose it?
Evolution is a scientific theory of the origins of species of plants and animals. Applied to society it is called Social Darwinism. The belief that the very wealthy were more "fit" (Smarter, worked harder, etc.) Many religious group do not believe in evol
9) How did the Industrial Revolution change the social order in Britain?
The rich got richer, the poor got poorer. the emergence of a new middle class
10) What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on Britain's working class families?
they were forced to move from the rural areas to the urban areas for jobs. No longer could they work from home, they had to work in the factory
11) How did industrialization affect Britain's natural environment?
Extraction of natural resources and pollution negatively affected the environment
12) Why was Europe slower to industrialize than Britain?
many conflicts on the European continent distracted the country from industrializing sooner. Also, the strict structure of the government and social classes inhibited them from industrializing sooner
13) Why were unions formed?
Unions were formed to demand better working conditions for the workers in the factories
14) What is meant by the term laissez-faire?
Hands off" little or no government regulation on business. Business owners would prefer
15) How did capitalists like Malthus and Ricardo feel about poor workers?
They believed they were poor because they didn't work hard enough. They both promoted laissez-faire capitalism
16) What did utilitarianisms think the role of government should be in society?
the government should do what will make the most people happy
17) What did utopians hope to create?
an ideal society
18) Who should own the factors of production according to the socialists?
The people
19) What were the two warring classes Marx and Engels described?
proletarians (workers) and the bourgeoisie (the capitalists who owned most of society's wealth)
20) Describe two ways women fought for change during the Industrial Revolution.
Better working conditions, the right to vote
Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution?
Geography
natural resources - iron and coal; separation from the European continent kept them out of wars; rivers provide water power and transportation
Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution?
Government
trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate; Britain financed entrepreneurs; helped build canals and roads; Enclosure movement allowed landowners to fence off common land; this caused a migration of peasants to town in search of jobs; advancements
Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution?
Social Factors
British society less rigid than other European countries; the British supported free trade and was willing to make political compromises to the middle class
Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution?
Colonial Empire
supplied raw material and provided markets for selling goods
Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution?
Advantages of industrializing first
no other competition for manufactured; goods monopoly on technology
Agricultural Revolution - Results in more food and population increase
enclosure movement
landlords fenced in common land and used new farming technology; peasants became poorer
Agricultural Revolution - Results in more food and population increase
Crop rotation
fields regained nutrients by planting different crops
Agricultural Revolution - Results in more food and population increase
Other discoveries
seed drill planted seeds quickly
new crops: corn and potato
Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
Merchants Role
supplied materials - wool and cotton
transported supplies
merchants make profits
Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
capitalism
private ownership, free competition, and profit
cottage industry early example of capitalism
Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
Effects of the Cottage Industry
big profits for new class of merchants
alternative source of income for peasants
Textile Industry and Factory System
cottages couldn't keep up with demand for textiles
new machines make textiles quicker
James Hargreaves invented
spinning jenny allowed one worker to do the work of 8 spinners
new machines make textiles quicker
James Watt invented
steam engine that used less energy
new machines make textiles quicker
Eli Whitney invented
cotton gin and interchangeable parts
new machines make textiles quicker
Henry Bessemer invented
added air to making iron, which made the iron goods stronger and easier to shape
new machines make textiles quicker
Louis Pasteur invented
Pasteurization - pasteurized goods (took out bacteria)
new machines make textiles quicker
Thomas Edison invented
many inventions, including electric bulb and phonograph
Rise of the Factory
new machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories; located near power source: coal, iron, water
Effects of Textile Factories in Britain
amount of textiles increased and prices lowered; most villagers leave home to find work in urban factories
Steam Engine: Energy for the industrial revolution
built for increasing need for power; Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power; Engine improved mining which increased metals
The Need for Iron
farming tools, new factory machinery, railways
Need for coal
steam engines powered by coal
Effect of Iron and Coal
Britain produced more iron than rest of the world; coal powered Britain's enormous navy
Need for Better Transportation
increased production needed quick and cheap transportation