Athens Unit

How were the lives of boys and girls different? What different roles did men and women play in society? How did their childhoods and education prepare them?

Boys- age 7 went off to school if wealthy, in charge of a slave who monitored his progress, introduced to music, math, reading, writing. Men chose wives, spent most of time outside home, working, performing civic duties, gymnasium, or socializing. Girls-c

Why was there the emphasis on sport as part of a religious festival? What does that suggest about this civilization?

Athenians valued body strength and image especially for men. Since this is valued they used it for religious festivals in honor of the Gods to see who was the best at certain events.

What is the significance of the foreigners having to leave the porcession at the gates of the acropolis?

It meant that the Acropolis and the religious festival for Athena was meant exclusively for pure Athenians. It was part of nationalistic pride.

Panathenaea

Religious festival for the goddess Athena held every year in Athens

Great Panathenaea

Held every 4 years and is a much more detailed ceremony Religious festival for the goddess Athena.

Peplos

A woven tunic in honor of Athena that 4 little girls are chosen by Athena's priestess to weave. A second bigger peplos is made by professionals is used in the ceremony as well.

Polis

#NAME?

Angora

Below acropolis, an open place that served as both as a market and as a place where citizens could assemble.

Hoplite

Heavily armed infantrymen of Athens- since each hoplite provided his own armor, men of property both aristocrats and small farmers, made up the new phalanx. Those who could become hoplites and fight for the state could also challenge aristocratic control.

Phalanx

Military formation of hoplite forces. formed a sort of deadly shell of protection with spears sticking out and shields protecting them. (eg. turtle formation)- helped to either secure victory or at least suffer no harm.

Metropolis

mother polis- all Greek colonies saw itself as an independent polis whose link to the mother polis was not political, but based on sharing common social, economic, and religious practices.

Tyrant

rulers who came to power in an unconstitutional way(not subject to law). -mostly aristocrats who came from the new rich that made their money in trade and industry and opposed aristocratic oligarchies.- although it did not last, tyranny played a significa

Messenia

Since Sparta faced the need for more land with their growing population, they decided to conquer Laconians and Messenians. Messenia had a large population and fertile, large land perfect for growing grains. The people were reduced to helots.

Helots

Slaves from Messenia which Sparta conquered. Took care of the land for the Spartan's while the Spartan's did other things such as run a military state.

Archons

9 officialswho assisted the council of nobles within the unified polis in Athens. They were an assembly of full citizens but had few powers. Solon, reform-minded aristocrat, was given the position of sole archon and given the job to fix the economic probl

Cleisthenes

An aristocrat who created democracy in Athens.

Council of 500

New Athenian assembly of all male citizens that were chosen by lot. Was responsible for the administration of both foreign and financial affairs, and had final authority in the passing of laws after free and open debate. -basis for Democracy in Athens.

How did the phalanx change politics in many Greek city-states?

Since each hoplite provided his own armor, men of property, both aristocrats and small farmers, made up the new phalanx. Those who could become hoplites and fight for the state could also challenge aristocratic control.

Explain the central causes behind the formation of Sparta's military state?

In order to keep control of their conquered Laconian and Messenian helots, the Spartans created a military state. Spartans were raised at a young age to be discipline and have total loyalty for the state. This meant they would rather die in battle than lo

Ionian Revolt

499 BC- The people of Ionia came to Greece to ask for help in revolting against the Persians. The Ionians were forced to fight in Persian army, pay taxes, and had puppet rulers. Athens agreed to help them but Spartans refuse because of distance. 493 BC Pe

Battle of Marathon

Battle of the Marathon: The first battle of the Persian war. Marathon runner that ran to find more men to fight with Athenians against incoming Persian fleets. Even though the only ones to join were the men from the small city-state of Plataea, the Marath

Oligarchy

Oligarchy: Ruling by one person usually an aristocrat. This was a threat to democracy especially for the first battle of the Marathon because Athenian democrats were afraid that sympathizers of Oligarchy would try to strike a deal with the Persians.

Darius

Darius: Persian king who vowed revenge against Athens for Persian defeat at Marathon. 10 years later King Darius dies and son Xerxes takes over.

Xerxes

The son of King Darius who followed in his fathers footsteps to take revenge on the Athenians. Sent in Army to battle of Thermopylae and Navy to Salamis.

Thermopylae

Huge Persian army led into a narrow pass in the mountains meant to have fewer soldiers fight at once creating an advantage for Greeks since the Persians outnumbered the Spartan and other Greek troops. This backfired however because the Persians found anot

Themistocles

Athenian commander who misinformed and led the Persian navy into a trap in the narrow channel between the island Salamis and coast of Attica.

Salamis

The persians were led into a trap between a narrow straight so only a small number of their navy could fight at once. Athenians then positioned themselves so that they could easily ram themselves into the Persian navy and kill al of them off. This was a g

Plataea

Final battle of Persian wars where Greek infantry headed by Sparta defeated Persians in the battle of Plataea and the reek navy defeated the napping Persian navy in Ionia. The Greeks had thus accomplished protecting their homeland and their independence f

Delian League

Athens took over the leadership of the Greek world by forming a defensive alliance against the Persians called the Delian League. Headquartered in Delos but main officials Athenians.

Persian War Timeline and Battles

Ionian Revolt 499 BC Persians stop revolt 493 BC Persians lead assault (battle of the Marathon)490 BC King Darius dies Persian invasion by Xerxes 480 BC -Battle of Thermopylae -Battle of Salamis Battle of Plataea 479 BC

Rivalry between Athens and Sparta

Sparta had a great military and Athens a great navy. Although Sparta had contributed a lot to the Persian war, the Greeks wouldn't have won if it wasn't for Athens' navy. Some Greek city-states turned towards Athens for alliance and protection while some

Delian league and change of purpose

Besides defense, purpose of DL was to wage a military campaign against the Persians to free other Greek cities under Perisan control. DL=democratic. Athens in control but each city-state had 1 vote. Athens began to force those they freed into the league.

Athenian Treasury and Use of Wealth

Athens grew very wealthy from taxes from DL paid in wheat. They invested in building projects, arts, drama, and crafts and Athenian culture flourished.

Pericles' Reforms

created DL into Athenian Empire. Defined relationship w/Sparta not Persia. Alliance w/ Argos- Spartan enemy. Alliance with Megara, city directly in the path of the route from Athens to the Peloponnesus (to get to Athens Spartans had to go through Megarans

Short term and long term cause of Wars

Short term:
-Athens allies w/ Megara (buffer zone between Athens and Sparta)
-Athens allies w/ Argos (Sparta's enemy)
(10 years later)
-Pericles sets up 30 year peace treaty( both sides get what they want.)
(14 years later)
-Pericles dies and 2nd Peloponn

Peloponnesian War Timeline

-Battle of Plataea?last war of Persian War 479 BC
-First Peloponnesian War begins 461 BC
-30 year peace 445 BC
-2nd Peloponnesian War (14 years later) 431 BC
-Peace of Nicias 421 BC
-Attack on Sicily (6 years later) 415-413 BC
-Athens Defeated 404 BC
-Tri

According to Pericles, what precisely makes Athens great?

#NAME?

How does this compare to other city states?

#NAME?

What problems or biases do you see in Pericles' description of Athens?

-underestimates other city-states
-not completely democratic (had slaves) (social classes)
-said they had the strongest military ?Sparta did
-said they had best gov . ? Sparta was most stable
-not everyone equal ? more praise to men than women
-arrogant
-

City Walls- structure and benefit

Massive and surrounded city (3 long walls). During Pelponnesean Wars, Athenians could retreat safely behind their walls when Sparta would attack. Since the technology to build the walls was better than the technology to break the walls, Spartans were unab

Citizens in the countryside

Where most Athenians were born and bred. Hated having to move their entire households into Athens and leaving their normal way of life and their farms and animals. They suffered the most since Spartans would destroy the countryside causing the citizens of

Epidemic

This plague that occurred within the city walls because of unsanitary and close quartered conditions, caused the city to lose 1/3 population and death of Pericles, Athens most important leader. This had a very negative affect for Athens. This also destroy

Island of Corcyca

Example of the terrible civil war (factional struggles) that broke out during this time. Those supporting Athens and those supporting Sparta within a City often attacked each other. Those supporting democracy in this city killed all those whom they though

Cleon

General who gave Athens a chance to create peace by capturing Spartan and Peloponnesian troops. No Spartan soldier had ever before surrendered under any circumstance because they would rather die than give up. Since the Spartan population had been reduced

Peace of Nicias

421 BC both sides agreed to make a peace treaty called Peace of Nicias, named after the Athenian general who convinced Athenian assembly to agree to a peace treaty.

Alcibiades

Young, impulsive, greedy, arrogant Athenian who wanted war. He convinced Athenian Assembly to go on the Sicilian expedition which ultimately brought the end to Athens. Nicias was opposed to Alcibiades.

Sicilian expedition

Since Syracuse had taken over Sicily completely and conquered Segesta, Segesta came to Athens asking for help in defeating Syracusians. Athens had already tried a Sicilian Expedition before and failed but Alcidiabes convinced them to go to another one. Th

Veterans Vs. Young Athenians

Veterans
-Opposed war
-New war before thought Sicilian Expedition was a bad idea
Young Athenians
-wanted wealth, power, and glory that came from war
-ambitious and greedy
-wanted to rule Athenian empire themselves.

Alcibiades Vs. Nicias

Alcibiades
-liked war
-impulsive, greedy, young, ambitious
-successful in min-conflicts and Olympics
-youthful/ energetic
-honor/duty of Athens
-this is how we won the empire to begin with ? by conquering
-uses broad terms
-we should attack them instead o

Opposition to expedition

Those who opposed had to keep quiet for fear of being called unpatriotic. One astronomer named Meton did oppose and burned down his own house so that his son wouldn't go to war.

What was the impact of war on country dwellers and women?

Country dwellers had to give up their homes, animals, and usual life and move to the city and see Spartans destroy their farms and homes from within Athenian walls. Women had to run the household without a husband while being restricted by strict laws.

What was the plot of Lysistrata and the messages concerning women within the play?

Lysistrata gathers a group of women to agree to not have sex until their husbands stop fighting so that their husbands and men would hurry to make peace with each other. Women are pictured as evil and wicked however men made them that way according to the

Socrates' personality

#NAME?

Accusations against him

-He denied existence of Athens' gods and introduced new gods that the government had not approved
-corrupted Athenian youth by teaching his students to disrespect and disobey their elders

Socrates' case and his behavior during the trial/after trial

#NAME?

What was the Allegory of the Cave?

The allegory of the cave was written by Socrates and was a metaphor for how those who have been exposed to knowledge think compared to those who are ignorant. Those still in the cave are ignorant and only see twisted half truths of reality. If one escapes

(Argue for or Against) Due to their vast differences, Athens and Sparta were destines to collide from the beggining.

Evidence 1-They had two completely different gov. (military vs. democracy) and different cultures
Evidence 2- both were equal competitors (wars lasted so long because both were equal)
Evidence 3-They each had their own followers that supported them DL vs.

What divisions within Athenian society are revealed during the final stages of the Peloponnesian War?

Evidence 1- citizens divided in peace vs war old vs young
Evidence 2- leaders divided in peace vs war (Nicias vs Alcibiades)
Evidence 3- factional struggles

How did Athens' hubris (excessive pride) lead to their ultimate defeat as a city-state?

Evidence 1- Athens thought too much of themselves and thought they could defeat sicily and defend their homeland at the same time
Evidence 2-listened to Alcibiades speech of honor, duty, etc while Nicias lost though he based it off of logic
Evidence 3-per

How did the nearness to the sea influence the economic and social development of Greece?

The greeks were able to trade and also exchange cultural ideas through sea travel. They learned from other worlds and also became wealthy because of the sea.

How did Greece's geography influence its internal cultural identity?

the mountainous terrain of Greece separated the Greek city-states politically and each viewed itself as an independent political institution. They shared a similar culture, however, with the same religious beliefs, similar dialects, etc.