man is the measure of all things
- The individual human being rather than God or a moral law is the ultimate source of value
- Said often during the Renaissance & was the unofficial motto of the era
- Quote by the classical Greek philosopher Protagoras
Medici family
- Maintained government control of Florence even after death of Medici
humanism
- A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Patron
- A person who supports artists, especially financially
Perspective
- An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat Surface
Michelangelo
- An artist (sculptor, poet, architect & painter) who applied realistic style of art when depicting the human body
Leonardo da Vinci
- A true "Renaissance man"
- Painter, sculptor, inventor & scientist
- Interested as to how things worked
- Noted observations & sketches in notebooks
- Incorporated findings into his art
- Painted Mona Lisa & The Last Supper--using realistic features of
vernacular
- The everyday language of people in a region or country
- Language Dante wrote his works in (Italian), instead of Latin
Machiavelli
- Wrote The Prince, which examined imperfect conduct of human beings by taking form of a political guidebook + how a ruler can gain power & keep it in spite of his enemies
- More concerned with what was politically effective, rather than what was morally
Pieter Bruegel
- Skillful when portraying large number of people: able to captivate scenes from everyday life of peasants (like weddings, dances & harvests)
- Rich colors, vivid details, and balanced use of space give a sense of life and feeling
Erasmus
- One of best known Christian humanist of Holland
- Close friends with another well known Christian humanist: Thomas More of England
- The Praise of Folly: most famous work, written in 1509
- Held belief in Christianity of heart--not one of ceremonies or
Thomas More
- Famous Christian humanist
- Close friend of Erasmus
- Wrote book: Utopia in 1516--an attempt to demonstrate better model of society
- Utopia, word meaning "no place" in Greek; book about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weede
Elizabeth I
- In power when Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500s
- Reigned from 1558-1603
- Spoke many languages (including French, Italian, Latin & Greek)
- Wrote poetry & music
- Supported development of English art & literature
- Cared more about politic
Shakespeare
- Most famous writer of the Elizabeth Age
- Commonly regarded as greatest playwright of all time
- Written works demonstrated: reverence to classics--drew from them for inspirations & plots, masterful command of English language + deep understanding of hu
Gutenberg
- Craftsman from Mainz, Germany
- Developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way; allowed production of books to be quick & cheap
- In around 1455: printed completed Bible & the Gutenberg Bible using his printing proces
indulgences
- A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
- It released a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins
- Not supposed to interfere with God's right to judge
secular
- Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
- Priests: more & more secular as time went by
Martin Luther
- Took profession of a teacher & monk
- Taught scripture at University of Wittenberg in German state of Saxony from 1512 until death
- Did not want to lead a religious revolution, just to be a good Christian
- Wrote the 95 thesis
- With followers, formed
Protestant
- Protesting princes, opposite those who supported the pope
- Term later applied to Christians of non-Catholic churches
- A member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation
Peace of Augsburg
- Famous religious settlement
- A 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
- Unwillingly agreed to by Charles V
Anglican
- Relating to the Church of England
Philip II
- The Catholic king of Spain who threatened Elizabeth, queen of England
- Controlled lands around the globe: inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands & colonies of America; later on, Portuguese kingdom
- Aggressive ruler, when it came to his empire: seized Po
predestination
- The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved
John Calvin
- Created the doctrine of predestination, where God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved
- Influenced by Luther's ideas, especially from: humans cannot earn salvation
theocracy
- A government controlled by religious leaders
- Government that Calvin believed was the most ideal
Huguenots
- Calvin's followers in France
Catholic Reformation
- Reform movement started by the Catholic Church to help Catholics remain loyal
- Referred to as the Counter Reformation by historians once
Jesuits
- Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
- Society of Jesus: religious order created by the pope (Paul III) in 1540 for Ignatius's followers
- Focused on three main ideas: 1. founded schools, 2. mis
Council of Trent
- When in session between 1545-1563, Catholic bishops & cardinals agreed on several doctrines
- Reforms established unified the Roman Catholic Church more than before
Spanish Armada
- Launched by Philip in 1588 as attempt to punish Protestant England & its queen: Elizabeth I (supported Protestant subjects who rebelled against Philip)
Henry of Navarre
- Descendant of Louis IX, popular medieval king
- Inherited the throne in 1589 after Catherine & her last son died
- First king of the Bourbon's French dynasty
- A clever politician & made sure to be decisive + fearless, especially in battle
- When first
Edict of Nantes
- A 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV promised: Protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities