In what Italian city did the Renaissance begin?
Florence
What best characterizes the political situation of the Italian peninsula in the fifteenth century?
The peninsula had several city-states but no central authority
What important political concept did the Italian states pioneer in the fifteenth century?
Balance of power
Who is considered a Christian humanist?
Thomas More
What best describes the goal of humanist education?
Humanist education ultimately sought to benefit the public good
Who wrote The Education of a Christian Prince?
Desiderius Erasmus
How did printing influence common people in Europe?
Ideas spread more quickly through books and pamphlets
How widespread was knowledge and acceptance of Renaissance culture?
For the most part, only a small, educated elite had full knowledge and acceptance of Renaissance ideas
What European country had the largest black population, slave and free, living there?
Portugal and Spain
The so-called debate about women was
An argument about the status and place of women in society
The key to the development of nation-states in Europe was
strong monarchy
How did Charles VII of France strengthen his government economically?
His administrators organized a more lucrative tax structure
What was the War of the Roses?
A war that Ferdinand and Isabella launched against Muslim forces in Spain
How was Spain's relationship with the church similar to that of France and the church?
The rulers of both countries negotiated agreements that enabled them to appoint their own church officials.
What was the primary reason the Austrian Habsburgs increased their territory, power, and wealth?
They married well, acquiring money from Portugal and territory from Burgundy
For what reasons did Martin Luther attempt to reform the church?
He questioned church teachings on salvation and the use of indulgences
What two theological beliefs did early Protestants hold in common?
Protestants agreed that salvation came through faith and that the church is a priesthood of all believers
Why did Martin Luther initially support the German peasants and then switch his support to the German princes when war broke out?
Luther supported the complaints of the peasants but believed that it was wrong to challenge legal secular authority through conflict
How did Martin Luther view marriage?
The reformer saw marriage as a contract that could be broken