Polis
City-state; the basic unit of Greek society was the city-state, in Greek called_____
- Each developed its own form of government, laws, and customs
- Surrounding the entire polis was a strong wall for defense
- A typical ____ was built around a high area
Acropolis
A walled, high area containing fortifications, temples to the gods, and spaces for public ceremonies and located in the center of a polis
- Below this were other public places, like the agora
Agora
Marketplace; was often the center of life in a Greek town
Helots
State slaves
- Once the Spartans had conquered a town, they made the Messenians into ________
- __________ were given to Spartan citizens to work on farms so that the citizens did not have to perform manual labor. As a result, Spartan citizens were free t
Hoplites
Foot soldiers
- Spartan boys at age 20 were sent to be this. They remained in the army for 10 years, after which time they were allowed to leave and take their place as citizens
Hubris
Great pride; brought many heroes to tragic ends
- Their deaths served as lessons to the Greeks
The Minoans
- Developing on the island of Crete
- Their ships sailed all over the sea
- Usually peaceful
- Made many achievements (mentioned later)
- Caste system (Not sure if you need to know social classes - waiting for Mrs. Guthrie to reply to email)
1. Nobles
2.
The Mycenaeans
Conquered the Minoans. They took many things from them by copying them. Like how they copied their writing while trading to develop their own system (but we can read theirs). Like the Minoans, they became great traders. Their trade increased when they con
Sparta
- One of the mightiest city-states in Greece
- Extremely warlike and conquered many places (once they conquered a place, they would keep the people as slaves {helots} which enabled them to spend all their time training for war) - their emphasis on war was
Gods and Heros / Legends and Myths
In addition to archeological evidence, much of what we know or suspect about early Greece comes from studying their ______
What was life like in a typical polis?
It was the center of daily life and culture for the ancient Greeks. Each polis developed independently of its neighbors because communication between city-states was difficult since Greece was so rugged. Each polis developed its own form of government, la
What achievements did the Minoans make?
They invented basic plumbing, AC (running water under floors), below ground storage, and a double-headed axe (labys)
How did Greece's rugged geography affect the development of city-states?
Each major polis had a different political system that developed over time. Like Athens, the "birthplace of democracy". Each polis developed independently of its neighbors because communication between city-states was difficult since Greece was so rugged.
Athens
- Birthplace of democracy
- In its early history, this place was ruled by kings, later, they were replaced by aristocrats who had both money and power
- The gap between rich and poor (most people here were poor) eventually led to conflict - to help resolv
Democracy
- Athens was the birthplace of democracy (the prosperity in Athens was due to this stable and effective government (500 BC)
- Under the democracy, Athens entered its classical age, a period of its great achievements and triumphs
- The gap between rich and
Solon
He allowed all men in Athens to take part in the assembly that governed the city and to serve on juries that heard trials, but only wealthy men could run or hold political office; this was the first real step toward democracy in Athens; his laws relieved
Tyrant
A strongman who seized power by force and claimed to rule for the good of the people
- Example: Pisistratus
Cleisthenes
His reforms set the stage for democracy; divided Athens into 10 tribes by where people lived, making them the basis for elections
Direct democracy
All people vote directly on an issue
Archon
Chief of state in Athens; head of assembly and council of 500; 1 year term
The Persian Wars
- Athens and the rest of Greece was plunged into war
- Greek city-states came into conflict with the vast Persian Empire, bringing Greece into war with a much larger and stronger opponent
- Causes:
1. Wealthy Ionian city-states belonged to Greece but then
Darius
Persian emperor; got angry when the Greek Ionians rebelled so he "punished" Greece by attacking the mainlands... contributed to the start of the Persian war... died before he could launch second Persian War invasion into Greece
Phalanx
A tight rectangle formation in which soldiers held long spears out ahead of a wall of shields; Athenians did this as they charged the beach during the Persian War
The Golden Age of Athens
As leaders of the Persian wars, Athens and Sparta became the two most powerful and influential city-states in Greece. Because Sparta was not very popular with the other city-states, Athens became leading city-state and entered a Golden Age. City-states ba
Delian League
Alliance; city-states banded together to protect one another; called this because treasury was kept on Island of Delos
Pericles
The rebuilding of Athens was due to him; skilled politician and public speaker; elected one of the cities generals; most influential politician in Athens for many years; great champion of democracy; he commissioned the building of the PARTHENON and severa
Acropolis #2
- Parthenon is on it
- Marketplace was on it
- Save because of hill
- Main temple complex in Athens - and Greece
- Built by Pericles; "Golden Age of Athens
The Peloponnesian War
Because Athens was the most powerful polis (leader of the Delian League), it brought the city many powerful rivals (like Sparta)
- Sparta was the head of the Peloponnesian League of allied city-states- The leagues feared each others militaries, which fina
What were two traits that marked the Golden Age in Athens?
Athens being the head of the Delian League and the rebuilding of Athens
What lead to the outbreak of the Persian Wars?
1. Wealthy Ionian city-states belonged to Greece but then they had fallen under Persian rule - the Greeks of Ionia then rebelled... asked fellow Greeks for help ... despite this assistance, the Persians put down the revolt. The revolt made emperor DARIUS
Do you think the Athenian system of government was superior or inferior to the Spartan system? Support your answer.
Athenian because it was a democracy which made people happier and so they wouldn't try to revolt. Spartan people were constantly training so that the helots couldn't revolt (constantly living in fear)
Socrates
Greek philosopher; First great Athenian philosopher
- Sought truths about broad concepts such as truth, justice, and virtue
- Thought people could learn best by asking questions
Plato
Greek philosopher; one of Socrates's students; recorded many things in writing; believed that every material object reflected the perfect ideal
Aristotle
Greek philosopher; pioneered the use of reason and logic to study the natural world; the practice of rational logic;
emphasis on reason and logic
Reason
Means clear and ordered thinking; Aristotle emphasized this and logic
Logic
The process of making inferences; Aristotle emphasized this and reason
Greek Literature
Poetry was big (epics and other forms)
- The most famous epics were the Iliad and the Odyssey both by HOMER
Homer
Wrote the Iliad and Odyssey; famous Greek poet
Hesiod
Poet; wrote descriptive poetry
Lyric Poetry
Greeks created this; named after the musical instrument called the lyre; don't tell stories, instead deal with emotions and desires
Sappho
One of the few Greek women to gain fame as a writer; wrote lyrics
Pindar
Wrote poetry about the Olympic games
History Writing
Greeks were among the first to write about and analyze their own past
Herodotus
Major writer of history in Greece; wrote "the Histories
Thucydides
History writer
Drama
Greeks wrote many of these for entertainment; were often based on popular myths and legends
Architecture
Athenians wanted their city to be the most beautiful in all of Athens
What was the main goal of classical Greek art?
For the Greeks to express their love of visual beauty; reflect concern, balance, order and beauty;harmony and idealism; they were different views on what happened in greek life
How did the basic philosophy of Aristotle differ from that of Socrates and Plato?
-Didn't agree with teacher (Plato)
-Knowledge should be gained from senses
-Influence in Western European culture
-Believed woman were "infertile men..." and inadequate
-Supports family and personal property
-Government featuring 3 social classes
-Favored
In which field of literature do you think the Greeks had the most significant effect? Why?
Drama, because the famous philosopher Aristotle wrote the 6 elements of drama, the definition of tragedy, and the unities of drama.
Macedonia
A kingdom located just north of Greece
- The __________ rise to power was led by a king named Philip II and his son ALEXANDER THE GREAT
- King Philip's first actions were organizing the _____ army. He adopted the Phalanx system used by other Greeks, but h
Alexander the Great
- His father began to conquer Greece but was assassinated, leaving the title and plans to him
- 20 years old when he became king; trained to rule since birth
- He was immediately faced with revolts in Greece so he set out to reestablish his control there
Hellenistic World
By bringing together a number of diverse peoples in him empire, Alexander helped create a new type of culture. It blended together elements of Greek civilization with ideas from Persia, Egypt, Central Asia, and other regions. This blending was no accident
Hellenistic
Greek-like
- Ever since the Alexander Empire, all different cultures had been blended so the "Greece" civilization was no longer purely Greek to people refer/referred to it as _______
Zeno (not sure if important)
Founded Stoicism, which urged people to accept calmly whatever life brought (not sure if important)
Pythagoras (not sure if important)
Derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a triangle (not sure if important)
Euclid (not sure if important)
Wrote The Elements, a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry (not sure if important)
Aristarchus (not sure if important)
Theorized about a heliocentric, or sun- centered, solar system (not sure if important)
Eratosthenes (not sure if important)
Showed that the Earth was round and accurately calculated its circumference (not sure if important)
Archimedes (not sure if important)
Used principles of physics to makes practical inventions, such as the lever and pulley (he screamed "eureka!") (not sure if important)
Hippocrates (not sure if important)
Studied illnesses and cures and set ethical standards for medical care (not sure if important)
Ancient Greece Geography
- Has a Mediterranean climate
- Winters are mild and wet (limited farming - grapes and olives)
- Summers warm and dry (leads to drought - grapes and olives one of few plants that can survive drought
- 75% covered by mountains (means difficult to farm)
- S