Ali
Prophet Muhammed's cousin and son-in law, who became one of his successors upon Muhammed's death
Mehmed II
Known as "the conqueror" // this Ottoman leader captured the city of Constantinople
Osman
the most successful ghazi who built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300-1326 // followers were called Ottomans
Muhammed
the last and greatest messenger of God
Selim the Grim
Mehmed's grandson who defeated the Safavids of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran, captured egypt, and took responsibility for the holy cities of Mecca and Medina
Suleyman I
known as "the lawgiver/magnificent (west)" Ottoman leader that ruled when the empire reached its peak size // started system of recruiting children from conquered Christian lands to become personal slaves to the Sultan
Abu Bakr
Prophet Muhammad's father-in-law who was elected as Muhammad's successor upon his death
Khadija
First wife of Prophet Muhammad
Timur the Lame
rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samarkand in Central Asia who briefly interrupted the rise of the Ottoman Empire in then early 1400's // burned the city to Baghdad and crushed the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara
Orkhan I
Osman's son who declared himself sultan, meaning "overlord" or "one with power" // was responsible for capturing Adrianople, the second most important city in the Byzantine Empire
grand vizier
high government official in the Ottoman Empire who was answerable only to the sultan
Shi'a
second largest denomination of Islam who believed Ali was the true successor of Muhammad
haj
Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam
janissaries
elite force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire who were trained to be loyal to the Sultan only
sultan
title given to many leaders in the Ottoman Empire
Sunni
largest denomination of Islam who believed Abu Bakr was the true successor of Muhammad
millet
a small sub-group or "nation" within the Ottoman Empire (like Christians and Jews) which was allowed to follow their own religious laws and practices
devshirme
a system of recruiting children from conquered Christian lands to become personal slaves to the Sultan
ghazis
warrior for Islam
Ramadan
the 9th month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset
kaaba
Cube shaped building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Most sacred point within this most sacred Mosque, making it the most sacred location in Islam
monotheism
a doctrine or belief that there is only one God
5 Pillars of Islam
1. There is only 1 God and Muhammad is his messenger.
2. Every Muslim must make a pilgrimage, haj, to Mecca at least once in their life.
3. Call to Prayer 5 times a day.
4. Alms giving and charity work.
5. Fasting and self sacrifice during Ramadan
Who built the Kaaba?
Abraham
Current name of city of Constantinople
Islanbul
Name given to the migration of the Prophet Muhammad and the followers of Islam from Mecca to Medina
hijra
Farthest west in Europe the Ottoman Empire was able to spread
Vienna // Hungary
Safavid
members of an Islamic religious group founded by Safi al-Din
Isma'il
seized Iran, took title of "shah" and established Shi'a Islam as the state religion // killed everyone of other group of Islam
shah
ancient Persian title for "king
Shah Abbas
helped create a Safavid culture and golden age
Esfahan
where the Shah built a new capital
migration, pursuit of religious freedom/conversion, trade, and conquest
Four Causes of Cultural bleeding
reforms that took place in the Safavid empire under Shah Abbas
military and civilian life; limiting the power of the military, creating two new armies that would be loyal to him only, punishing those who cause corruption in the government, promoted those loyal to the government
why did the Safavid empire decline so quickly
Shah Abbas killed/blinded his ablest sons leading the incompetent grandson in charge leading to downfall
results of cultural blending
language (Chinese characters showed up in Japanese Characters) , religion and ethical system (Buddhism spread throughout Asia but was not the same everywhere) , styles of government (democracy was spread throughout but was not the same everywhere), racial
why did location of Safavid Empire contribute to cultural blending
Ottoman Empire was on one side while the Mughal empire was on the other side
why did Isma'il become intolerant of the Sunni Muslims
the Safavids of the Ottoman Empire aligned themselves with the Shi'a branch of Islam
Safavids
The Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between the 16th and 18th centuries
Babur
Brilliant general who led 12k troops to victory against an army of 100,000 people commanded by the sultan of Delhi. A year later, he defeated a massive Rajput army
Nur Jahan
Persian princess and wife of Jahangir who was a brilliant politician who perfectly understood the use of power
Taj Mahal
considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, this white marble structure w/ fabulous jewels was built as a tomb by Shah Jahan to honor his wife
Akbar
grandson of Babur who was known as "the Great," he was a liberal ruler who was considered a genius at cultural blending
Isma'il
a 12 year old ruler who seized most of what is now know as Iran and took the ancient Persian title of Shah
Urdu
the official language of Pakistan today, it is a blend of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi
Mumtaz Mahal
wife of Shah Jahan who died during the birth of their 14th child
Mughals
these people descended from Muslim Turks and Afghans and their leaders were descendants of Timur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan
Jahangir
Akbar's son known as "Grasper of the World" who left the affairs of the state to his wife, who ruled with an iron hand
Sikhs
Nonviolent religious group whose doctrines contained elements similar to Hinduism and Sufism (Islamic mysticism)
Aurangzeb
Shah Jahan's third son who had his oldest brother and most serious rivals executed and had his father arrested
Shah Abbas
Safavid emperor who took the throne in 1587, he helped create a Safavid culture and golden age that drew from the best of the Ottomans, Persians, and Arab worlds.
Esfahan
new capital of the Safavid empire created by Shah Abbas with a design that covered four and a half miles and was considered one of the most beautiful in the world
How did Akbar demonstrated tolerance in his empire
let people practice their faith (Muslim - religious tolerance), married Hindu princesses and did not have them convert (let them practice their religion freely in the palace), banned the tax on Hindu pilgrims, banned the jizya (a tax on non-Muslims), appo
what is the pattern seen as to how individuals come into power
conquering local empires and attacking the city and the people to show their power, killing/imprisoning their father and killing the other brothers/rivals for the throne (Aurangzeb imprisoned his father till he died and killed his brothers)
why did the empire weaken under the rule of Aurangzeb
he oppressed the people of the empire by enforcing Islamic law, banning drinking, gambling, and other such activities // brought back hated tax on non-Muslims , banned construction of new temples, and had Hindu monuments destroyed, and increased the taxes
why were Akbar's tax policies so successful and why was it destructive to the empire
it was fair and affordable for all people so the number of peasants who payed it increased leading to the empire gaining more money // like present-day US graduated income tax and they calculated it as a percentage of the value of the peasants crops
why was Nur Jahan able to hold so much power in Jahangir's court?
she was a brilliant politician who perfectly understood the use of power and she installed her father as prime minister in the Mughal Court
a tax on non-Muslim people
What is a "jizya"?
India
Where did the Mughal Empire encompass most of?
The Marathas
Hindu warrior community that could never be conquered by Aurangzeb
Istanbul
What Constantinople is called today