Revolution
A group of people who decide to over throw the government for a new system
French Revolution: 1789
When the 3rd Estate rebelled; creating a National Assembly bc they wanted a democratic government while the 1st and 2nd Estates wanted to keep a monarchy
**Monarchy--> Gave 1st/ 2nd Estate power bc 3rd Estate would pay taxes to support the government he 1
French Revolution Motive
French wanted ideas to change the government and society (3 Estates; wanting EQUALITY between Estates
"Liberty, Fraternity, Equality
Long Term Causes FR
Enlightenment philosophy and American Revolution leaving France in debt
Short Term Causes of FR
- social injustices of Old Regime
- Economic crisis in France
- National Assembly being formed
- King Louis XVI poor rulership
Louis XVI
- weak ruler, indecisive, allowed matters to drift
- paid little attention to government advisers
Old Regime : 1770
- French social & political system
- Divided into 3 Estates (social classes)
**similar to Caste System in Hinduism
French Rulers (in chronological order)
Louis XVI- Robespierre- Napoleon
3rd Estate "working class
97%-- paid very high taxes
- no power to influence government
- treaded unfairly compared to 1st/ 2nd Estate
- wanted a democratic government
National Assembly
(cause to FR)
3rd Estate delegates passes laws & reforms
**1st/2nd Estate didn't like it
Tennis Court Oath
When the 3rd Estate decided to break from the Estates general & draw up their own constitution--> getting rid of the Estates
Bastille: 1789 (Start of FR)
- The political prison/ armory stored
- Partisan city workers alarmed by the kings concentration of troops at Versailles
Robespierre: 1792
Jacobin leader-- slowly gained power
- created the committee of public safety
- Lead the Reign of Terror
Committee of Public Safety
Protected new establish republic against foreign attack & internal rebellion
Reign of Terror (1792-93) impacting FR
- Robespierre saves France from being conquered by other countries
- Countries backed away from France bc of fear SO ideas of equality changed--> became more focused on find a structure then equality
Legislative Assembly
Power to create laws & approve or reject declarations of war
Czar: Alexander III
- Retained to the principles of autocracy: form of government where Alex III had total power
- Alex III mistreated anyone who weren't Russia because he thought that person was dangerous
**Similar to Hitler--> mistreating Jews
What did Alexander III do to prevent revolutions?
1. Imposed strict restriction codes on published materials/ documents (including private letters)
2. Having his secret police carefully watch schools--> teachers had ago send detailed reports of each student
3. Political prisoners were sent to Serbia
Czar Nicholas II: 1894
Continued tradition of Russia autocracy which made him not see issues occurring during his time
Russia industrializes: 1863- 1900
# of factories doubled
Growth of factories created problems:
1. Low wages
2. Bad working conditions
3. Child Labor
4. Workers go on strike
**Similar problems to when Britain was industrializing in 1750s
Proletariat
Workers would rule the country
Bolsheviks "Radicals
Small group of workers willing to sacrifice anything or everything for change
*Lenin: main leader of Bolsheviks
Mensheviks "Moderate
Wanted a broad base of popular supper for the revolution
Russian Revolution Motive
Russians wanted to change the basic needs of life; wanted peace
The 3 Russian Revolutions
1. Bloody Sunday (1905)
2. March Revolution (1917)
3. November Revolution/ Boshevicks (1917)
Bloody Sunday: 1905
- Workers petitioning for better working conditions and more personal freedom
- Nicholas II ordered police officers to shot the crowd (protests mainly but some were children or innocent people)
- Nicholas did that because he thought they were disrespectin
Causes to Bloody Sunday
1. Starvation caused by being in debt from Russo- Japanese War (1904-05)
*During RJW: Russia was beat badly
2. Russia industrializes (1863-1900)
- unhappy workers being paid low wages
- bad working conditions
- child labor
- treated unfairly
Bloody Sunday: Effects
Nicholas creates DUMA: constitutional government
*Duma not a good thing bc Nicholas lied about the changes he would make(lied for 2 years)
*Changes he said he'd make: create a monarchy
March Revolution: Causes 1917
1. 1914: Nicholas dragged Russia into WWI
** Russia Army= weak, poorly equipped...no match for Germany Army
2. People had enough w/ Nicholas II (Czar) ruling
Rasputin
Holy Man" who Czarina Alexandra (Nicholas wife) allowed to make decisions in Nicholas II absence
March Revolution: occurs during the Revolution
- Nicholas II steps down from Czar
- Provisional Government (temporary government) led by Kerensky was formed
- Kerensky hopes to keep Russia in war; losing the support from many
March Revolution: Effects
- Kerensky goes back into WWI --> allowed him to lose many support of workers or peasants
- Decides to go back into war bc: Russia was allies w/ England and US; Kerensky wanted to stay allies so had to go back into War n
Soviets
Local councils consisting of workers, peasants, & soldiers
*Had more influence compared to provisional government
Bolsheviks Revolution or November Revolution: 1917
When armed workers (Bolsheviks Red Guards) took over government offices; arrested leaders of the provisional government....basically when Russia wanted to over ride the provisional government
Leon Trotsky
Leader o the Bolshevik Red Gaurds/ Red Army
Why did Lenin go to Germany
- Bc he believed Russia need a communist revolution; began to write and recruit new followers (going against the Czar belief)
- Arrest in prison & 3 years of being exiled in Siberia
- After, goes to Germany bc can't go back to Russia--> people in Germany
1917 November Revolution or Bolsheviks Revolution: Causes
- Kerensky power ended
- Lenin returns bring in communism
Bolshevik Revolution: :Lenin wins the peasant support...HOW?
Orders all farmland is given to them...workers were given control of factories
Lenin Restores Order: New Economic Policy
1. Allowed peasants to sell their crops instead of turning them into the government
2. Government kept control of major industries (ex. Bank) BUT let some small businesses operate by private ownership
Russia Participation of WWI: Ending--> Treaty go Brest-Litovsk
- Bolshevik signs a peace treaty w/ Germany to stop all fighting
- Treaty of Brest Litovsk: Russia surrendered a large part of Russia to Germany...ending Russia's participation in WWI
End of Russian Revolution
1. Lenin restores economy by "New Economic Policy"
2. Bolshevik rename their party: communist party
3. Lenin dies in 1922 --> Stalin becomes dictator of Russia
Stalins Plan
- wanted to transform the Soviet Union into a totalitarian stated
- wanted to create the perfec t communist state in Russia
Stalins new industrial polices (Five Year Plan)
- Created a "Five Year plan" to help Soviet's economy
- Increased the output of steel, coal, & oil
- Lead to shortages of housing, food, & clothing
Totalitarism
Government that takes goal control over everyones public or private life
2 "Weapons" of totalitarism
1. Police terror
2. Propaganda/ Censorship
3. Indoctrination
Police Terror
- Dictators of totalitarian states use terror or violence to force obedience
- Sometimes would spy on citizens by intimidating them
- Would use brutal force, even murder to achieve their goals
Propaganda/ Censorship
- Biased information used to sway peoples to accept certain beliefs or actions
- Allowing others to hear only what you want them to hear
*similar to what Chairman Mao did in China
Indoctrination
Instruction in the government's beliefs to mold people's minds
How does Stalin control Russia ?
- built a police state to maintain his power
* his secret police would stop riots & keep the Soviet Union under control
- controlled newspapers, radios, sources of info
- used art to promote his ideas
- destroyed churches and exiled church leaders
Great Purge in 1937
Stalin's campaign of terror directed at killing anyone who threatened Stalin's power
1928: How did Stalins control agriculture? (collective farms)
- Had the government take control of people's farms
- Put them into larger government own farms aka collective farms
Collective Farming:1928
When the government took over small privately owned farms and combined them into large government own farms
*caused peasants to protest by killing live stock or destroying crops
*peasants were mad bc government was taking away their farms
Command Economy
When the government made all economic choices
How does Stalin change the economy?
Stalin built a command economy
Command Economy: a system which the government made all economic decisions
How does Stalin's rule benefit woman?
Allowed women to have:
1. Equal rights
2. Work in factories or farms
3. Tp be educated
Kulaks
wealthy peasants or farmers