Direct Primary
a nominating election in which voters choose the candidate whos later run in a general election
(opposed to previously voters had elected delegates who then selected candidates)
17th Amendment
gave voters the power to elect their senators directly
Initiative
gives voters the power to initiate (introduce) legislation
how: 5-15% must sign a petition, then it will go on a ballot
referendum
the citizen's ability to force the legislature to place a recently passed law on the ballot, allowing voters to approve or veto the measure
(companion to the initiative)
recall
enables voters to remove an elected official from office by calling for a special election
Samuel M. Jones
Toledo, Ohio mayor
nickname: "Golden Rule"
overhauled the police force, improved municipal services, set a minimum wage for city workers, and opened kindergardens for children
Tom Johnson
Cleveland, Ohio mayor
created new rules for Cleveland's police department and released debtors from prison, supported a new, fairer, single tax system
"a passion for freedom, for a world of equal opportunity for all"
"best mayor in US
Robert M. La Follette
loyal Republican at first, switched to reformist because 1. political machines, 2. tried to bribe them
Wisconsin Idea
reform progress that called for a direct primary; encouraged increase taxes on railroads/public utilities-electric, gas, and streetcar companies
Theodore Roosevelt
ran with President McKinley in 1900 election, became president when McKinley was shot
Leon Czolgosz
shot McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition
Arbitration
the process by which two opposing sides allow a third party to settle a dispute; the government decided that the mine workers would get paid more but the company didn't have to recognize the union
The Square Deal
Roosevelt's belief in balancing the interests of business, consumers, and labor
1. The limiting of the power of trusts
2. Promoting public health/safety
3. Improving working conditions
Election of 1900
President McKinley (running for re-election) with Theodore Roosevelt vs. William Jennings Bryan (democrat/pro free silver)
Leon Czolgosz
shot McKinley at the Pan-American Exportsition (the world's fair)
Arbitration
the process by which 2 opposing sides allow a third party to settle a dispute
Elkins Act
forbade shipping companies from accepting rebates (money give back in return for businesses)
Hepburn Act
authorized the ICC to set railroad rates and to regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce
Meat inspection Act
required federal government inspection of meat shipped across state lines
Gifford Pinchot
a strong conservationist, forests, and a friend of Roosevelt who came up with the word conservation to describe the need to protect the country's natural environment
William Howard Taft
president, was Roosevelt's security of war
Mann-Elkins Act
established eight-hour workdays for employees of companies holding contracts with the federal government
16th Amendment
income tax
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Both Taff and the progressives favored tariff reductions on imports to lower the prices of consumed goods
The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forest Service) attacked Ballinger for favoring private interests over conservation, Taft fired Pinchot for criticizing Ballinger
Joseph Cannon
Rules with an iron fist, he blocks progressive legislation from going to the floor
George Norris
began an effort to end Cannon's power
Bull Moose Party
progressive party, he was fit as a moose to run
Governor Woodrow Wilson
ran on a platform calling for tariff reduction, banking reform, laws benefiting wage earners and farmers, and stronger antitrust legislation; wants to return America to a place where they're freed from businesses, he believes that government if too strong
New Nationalism
a series of tough laws to protect workers, ensure public health, and regulate business
Eugene Debs
Socialist candidate, 4th party candidate
Underwood Tariff Act
reduced tariffs to their lowest levels in 50+ years
Graduated income tax
to make up for the Underwood Tariff Act
Lobbying
arguing to congressman directly
Federal Reserve Act
created a three tiered banking system, creates a bank to lend banks money
INCLUDES: federal reserve board, 12 federal reserve banks, and private banks
Federal Reserve Board
a group appointed by the president and charged with running the system
12 Federal Reserve banks
under mixed public/private control; These are the banker s banks, no individuals allowed
Private banks
could borrow from Fed Reserve banks at lower interest costs set by the board
Clayton Antitrust Act
clarified and extended the Sherman Antitrust Act
Gompers (of the AFL)
praised Wilson's support of the Clayton Act
Federal Trade Commission
authorized to investigate corporations
Federal farm loan act
provided low interest loans to farmers by setting up 12 federal farm loan banks
Adamson act
reduce the workday for railroad workers from 10 hours to 8 hours without a cut pay
Federal Workmen's Compensation Act
provides benefits to federal workers injured on the job, get paid while your recovering
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
outlawed interstate sale of products produced by child labor
National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
started by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to fight for women's voting rights
Carrie Chapman Catt
led NAWSA
Alice Paul
Quaker, formed Congressional Union for Women Suffrage
19th amendment
women's vote, obtained by Catt's winning plan