Thurgood Marshall
Houston placed a team of his best law students under the direction of him; won 29/32 cases with the NAACP lawyers
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional
Rosa Parks
seamstress and NAACP officer took a seat on a bus and would not get up for a white person
MLK
leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association; used nonviolence
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
an organization formed in 1957 by MLK, and other leaders to work for civil rights through nonviolent means
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
an organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-is and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement
sit-in
a form of demonstration used by African Americans to protest discrimination, in which the protesters sit down in a segregated business and refuse to leave until they are served
Freedom riders
one of the civil rights activists who rode buses through the South in the early 1960s to challenge segregation
James Meredith
air force veteran, won a court case that allowed him to enroll in the all-white University of Mississippi, nicknamed Ole Miss
Civil Rights Act of 1964
a law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public places and most workplaces
Freedom Summer
a 1964 project to register African-American voters in Mississippi
Fannie Lou Hamer
voice of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in the 1964 Democratic National Convention
Voting Rights Act of 1965
a law that made it easier for African Americans to register to cote by eliminating discrimatory literacy tests and authorizing federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local level
de facto segregation
racial separation established by practice and custom, not by law
de jure segregation
racial separation established by law
Malcolm X
Islamic minister, only preached Elijah Muhammad's views that whites were the cause of the black condition and that blacks should separate from white society
Nation of Islam
a religious group, properly known as Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion
Stokely Carmichael
leader of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); used the slogan Black Power
Black Power
a slogan used by Stockely Carmichael in the 1960s that encouraged African- American pride and political and social leadership
Black Panthers
a militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto
Kerner Commission
a group that was appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence and that recommended the elimination of de facto segregation in American society
Civil Rights Act of 1968
a law that banned discrimination in housing
affirmative action
a policy that seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were perviously disadvantaged
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
a labor union formed in 1966 to seek higher wages and better working conditions for Mexican-American farm workers in CA
La Raza Unida
a Latino political organization founded in 1970 by Jose Angel Gutierrez
American Indian Movement (AIM)
a frequently militant organization that was formed in 1968 to work for Native American rights
Betty Friedan
wrote the Feminine Mystique
Feminism
the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with me
National Organization for Women (NOW)
an organization founded in 1966 to pursue feminist goals, such as better childcare facilities, improved education opportunities, and an end to job discrimination
Gloria Steinam
journalist, political activist, and support of women's movement; helped found the National Women's Political Caucus; created a women's magazine called Ms.
Equal Rights Amendement (ERA)
a proposed and failed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have prohibited any government discrimination on the basis of sex
Phyllis Schlafly
conservative who was against ERA
Why is Malcolm X so skeptical about whether white politicians and white liberals can be trusted to help the cause of Black Americans?
because they don't care and if they try to help they only help during election; so its for a selfish reason
Is Malcolm X advocating for violence or is he merely predicting it, should voting rights not be successfully implemented?
He is doing both. He wants them to fight like the colonists did and he talks about how the new generation will fight
What strategies did both Cesar Chavez and the UFWOC use to achieve their goals? How did they successfully apply these tactics?
Cesar Chavez and UFWOC used peaceful tactics and went nationwide telling people not to buy grapes. Chavez fasted for three weeks. boycott of grapes
What were the demands of AIM organizers who staged "The Trail of Broken Treaties" march on Washington?
the demands were restoration of 110 million acres of land
Name three changes that members of the National Organization of Women (NOW) advocated.
1) got Congress to stop gender discrimination in hiring
2) childcare facilities
3) declares sex-segrated job ads illegal and issue guidelines
What was the Supreme Court's decision in the Roe v. Wade case?
women do not have to choose an abortion during 1st three months of pregnancy
What caused the division of the civil rights movement?
Malcolm introduced self-defense which led to violence riots broke out and that led to the black panthers meanwhile MLK was using nonviolence
What problems were faced by blacks living in northern cities?
they faced segregation, which was segregation that exists by practices and customs.
Hard for them to change laws because they have been around for a long time
Why was MLK visiting Memphis when he was assassinated.
went to support the cities striking garbage workers
What was the goal of the freedom riders?
to promote a violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy administration to make New Law
What was the Kennedy administration's response?
sent 400 United States marshals to protest the riders
What was the goal of the march on Washington?
demand immediate passage of civil rights
What was the goal of the Freedom Summer project?
let all blacks vote
What did the violence shown on TV play in this march?
showed people the horrors of what was happening
What did the march encourage President Johnson to do?
made him present congress with a new voting rights ac
What did the Voting Rights Act outlaw?
literary test
What did the Voting Rights Act accomplish?
Federal examines could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by land officials tripled
# of black voters
Fannie Lou Hamer's role in the civil rights movement.
she became the voice in politics. made a televised speech that shocked convention and viewers nation wide
How ere the Supreme Court cases Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Topeka related?
Brown overturned Plessy; segregation in school isn't constitutional
How did Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock school crisis?
national guard walked around with black school children
How did Montgomery Bus Boycott begin? What effect did it have?
montgomery bus boycott began with Rosa Parks; it had the effect: segregation on buses is unconstitutional
What was the significant about the Civil Rights Act of 1957? What did it accomplish?
1) gave the attorney general greater power over school desegregation
2) gave federal government over violating African American voting rights
1st civil rights law since reconstruction
What was MLK's approach to battling racial injustice?
1. Jesus: love your enemies
2. Thoreau: civil disobedience
3. Randolph: learned how to organize massive demonstrations
4. Gandhi: resist oppression without violence
What were Jim Crow laws and how were they applied?
- separated races
- forbade marriage between whites & blacks
- separated schools
Describe the course and events of the Civil Rights Movement from 1965 to 1970.
- SCLC conducted major voting rights campaign in Alabama; many African Americans had been arrested in SCLC demonstrations
- Jimmy Jackson was shot and killed so MLK led a walk from Selma to Montgomery; mayhem broke out that night and so Johnson presented
How does Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique, relate to the women's movement of the 1970s?
The Feminine Mystique drew attention to the unhappiness that women had being in the home all day cooking and cleaning. This relates to women's movement because during the 1970s, women started wanting more and more rights and were willing to fight for it.
Plessy v. Fergusen
ruled that this "separate but equal" law did not violate the 14th Amendment, which guarantees all Americans treated under the law
Roe vs. Wade
ruled that women have the right to chose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy
Mendez v. westminister
federal court case that challenged racial segregation in California schools. In its ruling, the U.S. Court of Appeals held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional
What did the Brown vs. board of Education rule?
1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional
What was the purpose of freedom riders?
provoke a violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy administration to enforce the law about segregation on buses
what was ballots vs. bullets
African americas would start fighting more and people would get hurt if they didn't get the right to vote soon
why might they have wanted to pass the ERA
both men and women would have the same rights and protections under law
Morgan v. Virginia
the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional those state laws mandating segregated seating on interstate buses
Sweatt v. Painter
state law schools must admit black applicants, even if separate black schools exist
AIM
militant Native American rights organization; protected rights of large Native American groups