indirect rule
Local rulers maintained their positions of power
This lowered the cost of providing a gov't.
Had far less effect on the local culture
MORE CONVENIENT AND COST LESS
direct rule
Colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country
To justify conquest, Western powers spoke of bringing the blessings of advanced Western Civilization to their colonial
Madras, Bombay, Calcutta
The British East India
Company set up trading posts
at _______, _______, and _______.
Mughal
At first, India's ruling _________ Dynasty kept European traders
under control.
Robert Clive
a British soldier who
established the military and political supremacy
of the East India Company in Southern India and
Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and
the wealth that followed, for the British crown.
Battle of Plassy
Battle in 1757 between troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory resulted in control of northern India
East India Company
During the 1700's and 1800's the ________ _______ ______ slowly took
control of India
sepoys
Indian soldiers, led by
British commanders of the East India Company
cotton,
indigo, jute, spices, sugar,
tea
The British wanted many of the raw
materials India produced including: _______, _______, _____, ______, _____, and ______
railroads, education,
hospitals, common language
advantages of the
British invasion
low
wages, few rights, no say in government
disadvantages of the British invasion
superior
British believed they were _______ to their dark-skinned
compatriots.
promoted to high ranks
In the military, Sepoys could not be
_______ _______ _______ ______ and the pay was
miserable.
Sepoy Mutiny of 1857
A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. Both thought the British had used grease from an animal (pig or cow) each religion was not supposed to eat, on the bullets they distributed to them, so they revolted.
British government
The Sepoy Mutiny resulted in the _______ ______ officially taking control of India, making it a colony. Queen Victoria took the title, the Empress of India.
British East India Company
The British suppressed the rebellion
and abolished the ________ ________ _______ _______.
Raj
the British-controlled portions of India in the years 1757-1947
raw materials, manufactured goods
British
policies called for India to produce _______ ______ for British
manufacturing and to buy British ________ _______.
banned
Indian competition with British goods was ________.
handloom textile
India's own _______ _______ industry was almost put
out of business by British textiles. Cheap cloth and ready-made
clothes from England flooded the Indian market and drove out local
producers.
famine
To pay for British imports, Indians had to raise cash crops such as
tea, pepper, coffee, and cotton. As Indian farmers grew less food,
_______ became frequent and widespread.
military protection
under the imperial control of the East India Company, an
increasing number of small Indian states were forced to pay dues to
the Company for _______ ________.
pay their taxes in cash
Peasant landowners, required to ______ _______ ______ ______ ______, had to turn to moneylenders who seized much of this land for
nonpayment of loans.
railroad network
Under the rule of the British, the laying of the world's third largest _______ _______ was accomplished.
opium
The British
shipped _______ to China and exchanged it for tea, which they then
sold in England.
modern, unity
The railroads also brought ______ to connected regions.
modernize
Along with the railroads, a modern road network, telephone,
and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals
enabled India to _________.
population growth
Improved health care and sanitary conditions led to ______ ______
English language, culture
The British set up schools and colleges to educate higher-caste
Indians. The course of study stressed ______ _______ and _______
child marriage
It wasn't until 1880 that
______ ______ as a problem
became a public issue in India
and examples of young wives
being killed and or raped by
their "husbands" brought the
tradition to an end.
sati
The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.
civil disobedience
A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.
1882 Salt Act
gave British a monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt, limiting its handling
to government salt depots and levying a salt tax.
Salt March
passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.
Mahatma Gandhi
Leader of the peaceful civil disobedience movement in India
satyagraha
the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms
Berlin Conference
Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa
effective occupation
results in armed force being used against indigenous states and peoples
increased aggression towards natives
effective occupation provided proof that local Africa needed to be controlled, leading to _____ ______ ______ _______
Ethiopia and Liberia
By 1900 all of Africa had been allocated to European rule, except ______ and ______
direct rule
_______ _______ was established by imperializing powers
direct rule
government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country
indirect rule
a system of government of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers.
primary resistance
violent reaction of individual societies against colonial rule. Rarely planned strikes, more sudden attacks against colonial representatives. Retaliation by European forces against villages and farms.
secondary resistance
delayed response following the failure of the primary resistance. Larger in scale, involving thousands of people, drawn from many ethnic groups of a wide region. Religiously motivated.
weaponry
European _________ always won out (except in Ethiopia against Italy)
missionaries
_________ were a major influence in educating Africans. This swayed them to become like their white European mentors
national leaders
Africans saw the difference between what the intellects were preaching/teaching and what the governments practiced in the treatment of their colonies. They evolved into _______ _______ of Africa by the 1950s. This would ultimately lead them to free themse
commercial, cultural
Negative impacts on ________ and _______ relations in Africa
European businesses
How groups interacted was based upon ________ _______ and not the long standing ethnic traditions (tribal) of Africa
West
French officials and African subordinates got along well in _____ Africa but not Central
social color line
In Kenya and South Africa the _______ _________ _______ was strong, regardless of central government policies
King Leopold
Congo Free State for ________ _______ of Belgium
Belgian Congo
population decreased by 1/2 after 20 years
Cecil Rhodes
Founded the De Beers diamond company, became politically involved as a British Imperialists
Dutch farmers
_______ _________ settle Cape Town in 1652
English
________ acquired Cape Colony from Dutch in 1806
Boers resented rule & migrated north
Zulu warriors
_______ _______ fight against European slave traders & Ivory hunters
Boer War
1867 diamonds & gold deposits discovered in Boer territory, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.
cheap labor
In South and East Africa and in Algeria, Africans forced to work in _______ _______ after the British take over their farm lands and then force them to pay taxes in money.
colonial government, French citizen
Direct rule: Assimilation and association forcing Africans to adopt French ways to then be considered a "black Frenchmen and women"... they could become involved in the _______ ________ and sometimes become a __________ ________.
unsuccessful
The French tried to convert Africans to Catholicism, this was _________
administrative costs, ease transition
The British operated on indirect rule in some colonies in Africa, to reduce __________ _______ and ______ _________.
suffer economically
The introduction to the world market for many of them changed their African traditions of community, religion and family. As they looked to the international community to sell their goods and commodities, if the prices fell, they would _______ ________
starved
As they replaced food crops with cash crops, when they weren't able to sell those cash crops, they _______
natural resources
Imperializing nations isolated Africa, preventing them from industrialization so they could use their _______ ________
accumulated wealth
The long term effect was it created a prestige shift from those who came from respected families and religious authority versus those who had __________ _________.
imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
old imperialism
Europeans established colonies in coastal Africa (1500-1800)
new imperialism
Nationalism had produced strong,
centrally governed nation-states. The Industrial Revolution had made economies stronger as
well. During this time, European industrialized nations became more aggressive into expanding
into other lands. The new imperialism
nationalism
promotes the idea of national
superiority. Imperialist felt that they had the right to take control of countries they viewed as
weaker.
Social Darwinism
belief that it was natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker nations
military motives
linked to nationalism, since military power was a way to promote a
nation's goals. Colonies were important as bases for resupply of ships. A nation with many
colonies had power and security.
raw materials, foreign markets
Imperialists needed ______ ______ to supply their factories. They needed ________ ______ in
which to sell their finished products. They also needed places to invest their profits.
White Man's Burden
white imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in nations they
considered less developed. Missionaries spread western ideas, customs, and religions to people
in Africa.
short term
Large numbers of Africans came under European rule
Local economies became dependent on industrialized
Some nations introduced changes to meet imperialist challenges
Individuals and groups resisted European domination
Western culture spread to new regions
long term
Western culture continued to influence much of the world.
Transportation, education, and medical care were improved.
Resistance to imperial rule evolved into nationalist movements.
Many economies became dependent on single cash crops grown for export.
effects on Europe
The West discovered new crops, foods, and other products.
Westerners were introduced to new cultural influences.
Competition for empires created and increased conflict between imperial powers. These
conflicts sometimes led to war.
The industrial nations c
cultural diffusion
The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
raw materials, new markets, nationalism, white man's burden
causes for imperialism