Industrial Revolution | Modern World History

Originated in? and why?

The Industrial Revolution originated in England because of natural resources

Where did the Industrial Revolution spread?

Spreads to Europe and the United States

Why Britain?

Plentiful iron and coal
A navigable river system
A strong commercial infrastructure that provided merchants with capital to invest in new enterprises
Colonies that supplied raw materials and bought finished goods
A government that encouraged improvements

Enclosure Movement

Parliament began to merge small plots of land into larger and larger ones

Impacts of the Enclosure Movement

Farmers move to cities
Farmers become a cheap labor source

Roles of cotton, iron, steel, coal, etc.

Textile inventions allow clothes to be made faster than ever before
Increased demand for slave labor in America
Increase in cotton cloth export
Steel allows buildings to be made much taller
Steel is harder than iron

Rise of the factory system leads to...

demise of cotton industries

Richard Arkwright and the Factory system

Pioneer of the Factory System"
Concentrated production in one place (materials, labor)
Located near sources of power (not markets)
Requires a good deal of capital investment
Rigid Schedule
12-14 hour day
Dangerous conditions
Monotony
Allows for the growt

Women and Child labor

Child labor kept costs of production low and profits high
Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages
Owners of mines and factories who exercised control over the lives of their laborers

Problems in the city

The sheer number of human beings put pressure on city resources:
Housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting were completely inadequate.
Slums grew and disease, especially cholera, ravaged the population.
Crime increased and became a way of life f

Factory Act of 1833

In Britain
Calls for inspection of factories and enforcement of child labor laws

Goal of economic powers

Want to control raw materials and markets throughout the world

Spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves
Can spin up to 8 threads at a time - much faster than the spinning jenny
Patented in 1769
Awkward for adults to operate
Many of these were operated by 9-12 year olds

Steam Engine

James Watt
Created first practical engine
Steam power replaces waterpower as a source of energy in Britain in the mid 1700s
Means that factories can be built anywhere, not necessary to be built near water

Cotton gin

Eli Whitney
Automated the removal of seeds from raw cotton
Turned cotton into a profitable crop
Allows cotton to be the first industry to industrialize
Led to an increase for demand in slaves
Great Britain and later the US outlawed the slave trade and the

Process for making steel

Henry Bessemer
Steel is strengthened so it can be used for machines, buildings and transportation

Advancements in Science and Medicine

Increase in population because of these developements

Smallpox Vaccination

Developed by Edward Jenner
Regarded as the foundation of immunology

Before the smallpox vaccination

Decimated the new world population
Killed 400,000 Europeans annually at the end of the 18th century
Responsible for 1/3 of all blindness

Bacteria Discovery and theories

Louis Pasteur
Discovered that bacteria reproduce like other living things
Pasteur's Germ Theory
Old Theory: spontaneous generation
micro-organisms are the result of decaying matter.
New Theory: germ theory
micro-organisms cause decaying matter.
Pasteur sh

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Population Increase
Increased Standards of living for many but not all
Improved transportation
Urbanization
Increased education
Growth of the middle class
Women's increased demands for suffrage
Introduction of reforms to end child labor
Better working con

Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution

Growth of Tenements
Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor
Overcrowding of cities
Environmental pollution

Rise of labor unions

Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions
Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children
Wanted workers' rights and collective bargaining between labor and management
Stri

Imperialism

One country's domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country
Nationalism motivated Europeans to join the imperial race for colonial nations
Motives for imperialism
Need for natural resources and markets
Nationalism
Desire to spr

Nationalism after the Industrial Revolution

Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions
European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms
Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their trad

Forms of Imperialism

Colonies
Protectorates
Spheres of Influence

Imperialism in Africa and Asia

European domination
European conflicts carried to the colonies
Christian missionary efforts
Spheres of influece in China
Suez Canal
East India Company's domination of Indian states
America's opening of Japan to trade

Response of colonized people

Armed conflicts
Boxer Rebellion in China
Rise of Nationalism
First Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s

Adam Smith - everything about him and Capitalism

Known as the father of economics and the founder of capitalism
The Wealth of Nations
Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
Promoted "laissez faire" capitalism
Hands Off Policy
Allows businesses to operate with little or no government interference

Capitalism and Market Economy

Economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
Created a market where buyers and sellers of goods and services agreed on prices
Long Distance trade increased dramatically

Capitalism during the Industrial Revolution

Led to investing in factories
Led to increased production and higher demands for raw materials
Led to world wide trade
Led to new inventions and new innovations
Led to changes in transportation, agriculture, and communication

Institutional Capitalism

English Parliament was firmly under the control of the capitalist classes.
Increase in agricultural production and turned the established rules of land ownership on their head.
Lands previously held in common by tenant farmers changed into large private f

New Middle Class

Entrepreneurs were the ones to benefit from the Industrial Revolution
Middle Class emerges
Families lived in nice homes as compared to the tenements of the working class
Valued hard work
Thought poor were responsible for the own misery

Socialism (everything)

According to socialism the people own the means of production, not the individual
Means of production are the farms, factories and railways that produce and distribute goods
Socialists believed that
Capitalism made a few people very rich but kept most peo

Continuation of Socialism

The Utopians: built communities where property and work were shared in common
No classes reduces fighting
Thomas Moore gave this group its name
Robert Owen a successful Welsh mill owner set up such a community called New Lanark

Karl Marx and Marxism

a German philosopher called the utopians unrealistic
put forth the theory of scientific socialism
Collaborated with Friedrich Engels on The Communist Manifesto
Historical dynamics between the oppressors and the oppressed and on the new social system they

Communism

their name for their brand of socialism
sees class struggles between employer and employees as unavoidable
Redistribution of wealth
Government owns means of production
Total control by the government