inflation
a rapid increase in prices
expelled
driven out; forced to leave
centralized
concentrate control of an activity or organization under a single authority
divine
God-like
restoration
a bringing back to a former position or condition
convert
to change from one belief to another
common wealth
a nation, state, or other political unit founded on law and united by agreement for and by the people
czar
Russian for caesar; the title used by Russian empeors
boyars
Russian nobles
Puritans
English Protestants who believed that the church of England needed further reform and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship
Cavaliers
In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles I. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.
Roundheads
supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War
Natural Rights
rights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty,and property
heretic
one who does not conform to established doctrine
absolutism
a political system in which a ruler holds total power
Philip II
(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.
Mary Tudor
Queen who succeeded Edward VI and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants.
Elizabeth
(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.
armada
A fleet of warships
English Sea Dogs
? Not official British sailors ? Private sailors ? Pirates but authorized by Elizabeth I to raid Spanish treasure ships coming back from the new world ? Piracy in the name of their country ? 1588: Defeat of the Spanish armada
moors
Spanish Muslims
Huguenots
Calvinists in France, Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.
Prince Henry Navarre
first French monarch of the House of Bourbon
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Louis XIII
king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643)
English Civil War
(1642-1649) A war between the English Parliament and Charles I, which established Parliament's supremacy over the monarchy. [203]
Cardinal Richelieu
French prelate and statesman
Thirty Years War
(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
Hapsburg
This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary
Peace of Westphalia
1648 Ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history
skeptics
This group of Hellenistic philosophers questioned any assumptions and had a goal of achieving peace of mind.
montaigne
(1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.
descartes
(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Jean Baptiste Colbert
An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.
Mannerism
an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
Henry IV
(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass.
Thomas Hobbes
..., English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
Charles I England
Believed in divine right- forced to sign petition of right clashed with parliament over money. he dissolved "personal rule
Peter the Great
czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
junker
Prussian nobility
Glorious Revolution
1688; the parliament deposed King James II, a Roman Catholic who had asserted royal rights over the rights of Parliament. Parliament gave the crown to the Protestant King William III, a Dutch prince, and his British wife, Queen Mary II (daughter of James
Charles II England
Son of Charles I. Attempted to extend religious toleration weakly. reign contained many disasters: the Plague, and the Great Fire. Passed the Declaration of Indulgence.
James I England
believed in the divine right of kings,which is the idea that the kings receive their power from God and are responsible to God only.
Bach
(1685-1750) A famous German-Lutheran composer of organ fugues and church cantatas. Lived in Leipzig, and wrote St. Mathew Passion Coffee Cantata. Worked privately for the church and publicly.
Handel
(1685-1759) A German composer who wrote Operas in Italy and eventually moved to Britain. Wrote music for the court and also oratorios such as Messiah (1741). Famous for incorporating religious piety with public pleasing drama.
Shakespears
His early plays are nationalistic (history plays), then turn humanistic (comedies), then turn nihilistic (after death of son).
Carvantes
wrote the novel Don Quixote
Elizabeth Era
Named for England's Queen Elizabeth the first, a somewhat vague classification applied to the second half of the 16th centruy and early part of the 17th, remarkable for its creative activity and output in English literature especially drama
Petition of Right
1628. Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time.
Bill of Rights
1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution.
William and Mary
King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.
James II England
James I did not learn the lesson from his father Charles I and fought with Parliament, he was the last Catholic King, he ran when Mary and William came to overthrow him
Elizabeths Policies in England
Elizabeth balanced the power between France and Spain. If one place was getting strong then England will support the weaker nation.
What role did Spain play in religious conflicts?
Spain had conquered Muslim area and expelled Spanish Jews and they were forced to convert or go into exile.
Why was Philip II called "The Most Catholic King"?
Philip II was called the "Most Catholic king" because he believed in strict conformity to Catholicism.
What was the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?
The significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada is that the power went to England and France.
What fueled the French civil wars of the sixteenth century?
The Huguenots became a threat because of there population and the ultra Catholics went against them. Also, towns and provinces were willing to help weakened the French monarchy.
What triggered the French War of Religion?
The cause of the French War of Religion is that the Catholic French kings persecuted Protestants.
How was Europe affected by social and economic crises in the seventeenth century?
Europe was affected by social and economic crises because there population decreased, there mines were producing less silver, and fleets were attacked by pirates.
What were the cause and affects of the Thirty Year War?
The cause of The Thirty Year War is that the Holy Roman Empire had conflict with the Protestant. France fought Spain and the Holy Roman Empire for Europe Leadership. The effect of the war is that Sweden, France and their allies gained new territory. In re
How did disagreements over rule between the Stuarts and Parliament lead to the English Civil War?
The disagreement lead to civil war because Stuart ignored the Petition of rights.
What were the causes and effect of the Glorious Revolution?
The cause is that England wanted a new king so they wanted William of Orange to invade England. The effect is that James and his family moved to France and no one was killed.
In what important way was the monarchy of William and Mary different from the previous Stuart monarchy?
The monarchy was different because William and Mary did not believe in the divine right of kings. Also,William and Mary had more power with the Bill of Rights.
What do Articles III and IV of the Petition demand of the King? What reasons or justifications does the Petition give for making this demand?
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How did the English Revolution influence political thought?
King Henry VIII's wife could not bear him a son. He wanted an annulment because of this but the Pope would not grant it to him. So he broke away from the church and started his own Church of England.
According to Hobbes what is life without government?
Life without government will be barbaric.
What is the Social Contract Theory?
The answer to the problem of political obligation.
How did the Social Contract Theory play a role in the English Civil War?
The Social Contract Theory was used against the divine right of kings and gave people right to leave to America during the English Civil War.
According to Locke, what is the State of Nature?
The State of Nature is that life would not be as bad as Hobbes think life without government will be.
Why would people set up a common wealth and set up governments, according to John Locke?
People will set up a common wealth to preserve there property.
According to Locke, what is the relationship of people and their government?
The relationship of the people and the government should be based on trust.
What happens if the state violates peoples rights according to Locke?
If the state violates people rights we should rebel and criticize the state.
Hobbs and Locke both thought that government was necessary for different reasons. What was each philosophers reasoning behind the need for government?
For Hobbes he think the government will help keep the place organized and civilized. For Locke he believe it is to preserve peoples rights.
Why is the reign of Louis XIV regarded as the best example of absolutism in the seventeenth century?
The reign of Louis XIV is regarede as the best example of absolutism because he had complete authority over taditional areas of royal power.
How was Louis XIV reign as king of France successful or unsuccessful?
Louis XIV was both because he added territory buthe left many people in poverty.
How did Prussia and Austria emerge as great powers in seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe?
Prussia and Austria emerged as great power in Europebecause of the new bureaucratic machine.
Why didnt Austrian monarchy become an absolutist state?
Austrian monarchy bacame an absolutist state because each of the areas had its own laws and political life.
How did Russia emerge as a powerful state under Peter the Great?
Russia became a powerful state under Peter the Great because he used European technology to modernize Russia.
What were Peters reason for modernizing Russia?
Peter wanted to modernuze Russia because he wanted to make a strong army and navy to make Russia have great power
anarchy
(n) a lack of government and law; confusion
westernization
An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western�especially European or American�countries.
abdicate
give up, such as power, as of monarchs and emperors, or duties and obligations
Ramanous
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Prussia
A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland
Police State
a country that maintains repressive control over the people by means of police (especially secret police)