Define Enlightenment.
new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of individuals to solve problems
Which two individuals started the Enlightenment movement?
1. Thomas Hobbes
2. John Locke
What did Thomas Hobbes believe about all humans?
humans are naturally selfish and wicked
What did Thomas Hobbes believe about governments?
governments are necessary to maintain order
What did Thomas Hobbes mean by a social contract?
1. people should hand over their rights to a strong ruler
2. people are given law and order in exchange
What did Thomas Hobbes believe a strong ruler needed to protect everyone's interests?
Total Power
Did Thomas Hobbes support democracy?
No, he supported Absolute Monarchs
What did John Locke believe people could learn from?
mistakes and improve themselves
What did John Locke believe people had the ability to do?
govern their own affairs to handle the welfare of society
Which idea did Locke favor?
idea of self-government
What did Locke believe about freedom?
All people are born free and equal with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property
What did Locke believe is the purpose of government?
protect natural rights
Which form of government did Locke support?
democracy where people select their leaders with the ability to remove ineffective leaders
What do philosophers believe?
people could apply reason to life
What are the 5 concepts of philosophers?
1. Reason
2. Nature
3. Happiness
4. Progress
5. Liberty
What did philosophers believe about reason?
truth is found in logical thinking
What did philosophers believe about nature?
nature was good and reasonable
What did philosophers believe about happiness?
people should work for the well-being of society
What did philosophers believe about progress?
society should work to improve
What did philosophers believe about liberty?
people should have freedom
Why was Voltaire sent to prison twice?
fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech
What did Montesquieu support?
separation of powers
What did Montesquieu believe about the branches of government?
supported checks and balances where one branch checks the powers of another branch
What did Rousseau believe civilization did to people?
corrupted people's natural goodness
What form of government did Rousseau support?
direct democracy that favors the common good
What did Beccaria believe was the purpose of laws?
preserve social order
What did Beccaria believe people accused of a crime should have?
speedy trial and be free from torture
What did Beccaria believe punishment should be based on?
severity of crime
Did Beccaria support the death penalty?
No
What did philosophers believe women should be educated to do?
how to be a helpful wife and mother
Why were women scolded for reading novels?
reading novels would lead to idleness and individuality
What did Mary Astell speak out against?
lack of educational opportunities for women
What did Mary Astell challenge?
unequal relationship between a man and a woman in a marriage
What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue?
women need education to become virtuous and useful
What did Mary Wollstonecraft encourage women to do?
enter male-dominated fields of medicine and politics
What were the 3 main themes that occurred during the Enlightenment period?
1. belief in progress as noted by science
2. secular, nonreligious outlook on life
3. individualism