Primitive Societies of the 15th century
Paleolithic societies: hunter gatherer societies still existed in the 1400's but were able to master and manipulate their environments.
-primitive stone tools
-use of fire
-aborigines in australia
Ming Dynasty China
recovering from Mongol domination of 2 centuries, the Ming dynasty restored Chinese customs and traditions including civil service exams, Confucianism, dress, etc. Capitol relocated to Beijing
-public works programs expanded cultivatable land and began an
Admiral Zheng He's Treasure Voyages
exerted significant influence in court, resented by local officials. 7 voyages, not designed to conquer but to spread Chinese influence in the region to bring tribute to emperor.
4 G's of the European Age of Discovery
Gold: Europe wanted to share the riches of the orient but resented going through middlemen in Italy and Constantinople and paying exorbitant prices, so they decided they must find an alternate water route to Asia. (wealth of asia)
God: with the middle eas
why do Europeans have the advantage
European voyages were smaller, but had a different objective: conquest and commercial monopoly. End result was significantly different: Europe gains control of worlds oceans, continents and people. No central, unified authority in Europe to stop it. Chine
4 empires of the Islamic World (2nd flowering of Islam)
Ottoman empire: founded by Turkish warrior groups that migrated to Anatolia, then expanded into southeast Europe acquiring a substantial christian population. Adopted the title of Caliph (successor or prophet) to bring renewed unity to Islamic world and t
Sunni vs. Shia Islam
Sunni Muslims believed that the Caliph, selected by the islamic community was the rightful military a political leader of islam religious authority vested in religious scholars called "ulama"
Shi'ite Muslims believed that islamic leader should derive from
Aztec empire characteristics
mexica peoples migrated south from north Mexico and built a city on island to lake Texcoco in central Mexico. Over the next century, developed military skills, negotiated marriage alliances and built capital of Tenochtitlan. in 1428, launched an aggressiv
Inca empire characteristics
15th century and early 16th century, stretched 2500 miles long west coast of south america, c. 10 million population. Highly centralized, emperor appointed governors of some 80 provinces, state owned all land and resources.independent imperial inspectors
webs of connection
webs of empire-large scale political systems that bring together diverse groups of people.
religion: tended to link or divide
-Catholicism in western Europe/eastern orthodox in eastern Europe, Buddhism migrants from India into china, Korea, Tibet, japan.
why do Europeans dominate
The 4 G's "a perfect storm"
Proximity: Europe is closer
Middle and far eastern cultures have less incentive-they already have access to the products desired by the Europeans.
Internal divisions in local societies
Technology: guns/iron implements
Disease:
The great dying
pre-columbian populations in Americas 60-80 million, smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever
Colombian exchange
slave trade will fuel the cotton and sugar economies in the Americas; African "diaspora" will spread Africans throughout the western hemisphere. precious metals from the Americas will finance European empire building/colonizing and provide capital to purc
mercantilism
colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country
mother country has monopoly of trade with colonies
colonies provide mother country with bullion (gold/silver); raw materials for mother country industries, and market for mother country finished goods
class systems in Spanish colonies
-original Spanish settlers became landed aristocracy
-American born whites called "creoles" who resent officials sent from Spain "peninsulares"
-landowners feel threatened by rising merchant class
-mestizos: mix of white men and Indian women, since white
Mestizos vs. Mulattoes
Spanish mixing of white men and Indian women (mestizos)
Brazil's mixing of white men and African women (Mulattoes)
sugar colonies in the Americas
Brazil and Caribbean islands
sugar a profitable substitute for mineral wealth-sweetener, medicine, spice and preservative.
north Brazil initially has monopoly on market then expands into Caribbean in late 17th century
slave trade statistics
labor and capital intensive- 1st modern industry for international and mass market. since indigenous labor died out, owners turn slave labor; 80% of slave trade f=goes to Brazil and Caribbean. high morality rates on sugar plantations necessitate constant
slave trade in the Americas
in 1750 slave population were self sustaining
more strictly observed that in Brazil. more social mobility
believed in the ability to read the bible.
russian empire origins
Russian state centered around Moscow emerged from 200 years of Mongol rule in the late 1400's, begins twofold expansion
-conquered the steppe lands and the nomadic raiders threatening south Russia.
-expanded eastward controlling the fir trade by hunter/ga
Qing Dynasty Characteristics
china becomes an empire under the Qing Dynasty as the Manchu's conquer the Ming Dynasty from the north.
forbid intermarriage with Chinese.
split administration jobs with Chinese but Chinese get lower positions
forced Chinese to wear "queues" (pigtails) as
Mughal empire
created by Islamic Turkic warriors, descendants of Genghis Khan and Timur who invaded India in 16th century and unified much of the subcontinent between 1526-1707(conquered in Delhi Sultanate, an earlier Muslim state that treated Hindu's harshly)
Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
Akbar: early emperor of Mughal empire
-intermarried with several Hindu wives
-dictated that Hindu's occupy high political and military posts.
-encouraged the practice of Hindu religion and downplayed differences with Islam in favor of a hybrid culture: Hi
Safavids
Iranian dynasty that ruled Persia
-ottomans and Safavid battled for supremacy
Constantinople
fell in 1453, eastern orthodox Christians were incorporated in Ottoman empire
Roles of Christianity, Jews in OE
-allowed to assume official roles in ottoman court without conversion, taxes often higher than under Byzantine rule.
-process of "devshirme" (the collecting) a quota of christian boys were taken every 5 years to special schools to be trained as administra
European incentive to get to asia
the "gold" incentive provided the incentive for the Europeans to find an alternate water route to Asia.
Portugal: Trading Post Empire
-established trading posts around Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India, southeast asia, and china: objective not to control territory but control trade.
-by 1600, "trading post empire" in decline, overtaken by English and Dutch in Europe and resented by Mugha
Spain in Philippines
-Spain was 1st to challenge Portugal in southeast Asia. Magellan's voyage in 1519-1521 claimed Philippines for Spain (Philip II); 100's of islands with diverse and militarily weak societies; ignored by china and Japan.
-Spain established colonial rule as
Dutch/English East India Companies
-East India companies of England and Netherlands (Holland) began challenging Portugal in early 1600's
-Private companies financed by joint stock companies, under government charters they can wage war and govern conquered peoples
-Dutch focused on east ind
Japanese experience with Europeans
�Asian commerce: initially, European completion not taken seriously by Asian empires/states; even when European naval dominance in clear in southeast Asia, overland routes like silk route little effected. Asian states have alternatives
-Initially, Japan w
fur trade motivations
�Fur trade in global commerce: "little ice age" of this period saw demand for fur skyrocket-as furs hunted to extinction in Europe, sources in Siberia and north America replaced it
*French take lead in central north America, while british control Hudson b
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade: between 1500 and 1866 and estimate 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the so-called "middle passage" (10.7 million arrived about 1.4 million perished enroute-15%)
-By the end of 19th century, all African cu
Old world vs. New world Slavery
-Old world slave trade concentrated in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean Basins, where south Russia was a major source of slaves. Term "slavery" often connected to "Slavs" from south Russia
-However, old world slave trade not based solely on race, but mo
Role of Sugar in New world Slavery
-European develops their sweet tooth and sugar refining techniques from the Arabs during the Crusades. Sugar production centered on Mediterranean islands, using slave labor provided by Slavs from Black Sea region.
-Most Africans transported to Americas en
Beliefs/Role of Martin Luther
�Luther challenged the catholic church
-Disliked the selling of indulgences- for a fee, one could reduce his time in purgatory enroute to heaven; this and other abuses infuriated him
-Luther believed that salvation was based on faith alone-not on good wor
Religious wars in Europe
�Protestant denominations multiplied, with Lutheran, Calvinist (Presbyterian), Anglican (Episcopalian), Quaker and Anabaptist branches, all different except for their refusal to give allegiance to the Pope or to Rome
�Religious conflicts broke out all ove
Missionary experience in China
�An Asian comparison: since china was never conquered by European power, the spread of Christianity was entirely different
-European missionaries had to get permission to practice/spread faith
-Jesuit strategy of accommodation disavowed by church in 18th
Wahhabism
-In Arabia, renewal process initiated by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792): took form of destroying idolatrous tombs, eliminating idols, and forbidding the use of tobacco, hashish, and musical instruments
-By early 1800's, Wahhabi movement had expand
Sikhs
�Sikh Movement in Punjab region of northern India: an attempt to reconcile Islam and Hindu religions: "there is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God"
-Ignored class distinctions and ended seclusion of women
-Proclaimed the "brotherhood of all mankind";
Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution led to the "enlightenment" later in the century, when politicians and philosophers would apply the scientific method to the solution of social, economic, and political problems.
Geocentric vs. heliocentric theories
-Prior to the SR. Europeans held the view of the world derived from Aristotle and Ptolemy: the "geometric theory" which said that the earth was stationary and the sun, moon and stars revolved around it
-The church supported this view, since it complemente
Copernicus/Kepler/Galileo/Newton
-Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, first postulated the "heliocentric theory"
-Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German astronomer, improved on the heliocentric theory with 3 laws of planetary motion:
-Galileo, an Italian astronomer and inventor, pro
enlightenment
-The SR will lead to the "enlightenment"-if human reason could discover the laws of the universe, then its principles could be applied to human affairs, e.g., in economy, in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations
-Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of k
Primitive Societies of the 15th century
Paleolithic societies: hunter gatherer societies still existed in the 1400's but were able to master and manipulate their environments.
-primitive stone tools
-use of fire
-aborigines in australia
Ming Dynasty China
recovering from Mongol domination of 2 centuries, the Ming dynasty restored Chinese customs and traditions including civil service exams, Confucianism, dress, etc. Capitol relocated to Beijing
-public works programs expanded cultivatable land and began an
Admiral Zheng He's Treasure Voyages
exerted significant influence in court, resented by local officials. 7 voyages, not designed to conquer but to spread Chinese influence in the region to bring tribute to emperor.
4 G's of the European Age of Discovery
Gold: Europe wanted to share the riches of the orient but resented going through middlemen in Italy and Constantinople and paying exorbitant prices, so they decided they must find an alternate water route to Asia. (wealth of asia)
God: with the middle eas
why do Europeans have the advantage
European voyages were smaller, but had a different objective: conquest and commercial monopoly. End result was significantly different: Europe gains control of worlds oceans, continents and people. No central, unified authority in Europe to stop it. Chine
4 empires of the Islamic World (2nd flowering of Islam)
Ottoman empire: founded by Turkish warrior groups that migrated to Anatolia, then expanded into southeast Europe acquiring a substantial christian population. Adopted the title of Caliph (successor or prophet) to bring renewed unity to Islamic world and t
Sunni vs. Shia Islam
Sunni Muslims believed that the Caliph, selected by the islamic community was the rightful military a political leader of islam religious authority vested in religious scholars called "ulama"
Shi'ite Muslims believed that islamic leader should derive from
Aztec empire characteristics
mexica peoples migrated south from north Mexico and built a city on island to lake Texcoco in central Mexico. Over the next century, developed military skills, negotiated marriage alliances and built capital of Tenochtitlan. in 1428, launched an aggressiv
Inca empire characteristics
15th century and early 16th century, stretched 2500 miles long west coast of south america, c. 10 million population. Highly centralized, emperor appointed governors of some 80 provinces, state owned all land and resources.independent imperial inspectors
webs of connection
webs of empire-large scale political systems that bring together diverse groups of people.
religion: tended to link or divide
-Catholicism in western Europe/eastern orthodox in eastern Europe, Buddhism migrants from India into china, Korea, Tibet, japan.
why do Europeans dominate
The 4 G's "a perfect storm"
Proximity: Europe is closer
Middle and far eastern cultures have less incentive-they already have access to the products desired by the Europeans.
Internal divisions in local societies
Technology: guns/iron implements
Disease:
The great dying
pre-columbian populations in Americas 60-80 million, smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever
Colombian exchange
slave trade will fuel the cotton and sugar economies in the Americas; African "diaspora" will spread Africans throughout the western hemisphere. precious metals from the Americas will finance European empire building/colonizing and provide capital to purc
mercantilism
colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country
mother country has monopoly of trade with colonies
colonies provide mother country with bullion (gold/silver); raw materials for mother country industries, and market for mother country finished goods
class systems in Spanish colonies
-original Spanish settlers became landed aristocracy
-American born whites called "creoles" who resent officials sent from Spain "peninsulares"
-landowners feel threatened by rising merchant class
-mestizos: mix of white men and Indian women, since white
Mestizos vs. Mulattoes
Spanish mixing of white men and Indian women (mestizos)
Brazil's mixing of white men and African women (Mulattoes)
sugar colonies in the Americas
Brazil and Caribbean islands
sugar a profitable substitute for mineral wealth-sweetener, medicine, spice and preservative.
north Brazil initially has monopoly on market then expands into Caribbean in late 17th century
slave trade statistics
labor and capital intensive- 1st modern industry for international and mass market. since indigenous labor died out, owners turn slave labor; 80% of slave trade f=goes to Brazil and Caribbean. high morality rates on sugar plantations necessitate constant
slave trade in the Americas
in 1750 slave population were self sustaining
more strictly observed that in Brazil. more social mobility
believed in the ability to read the bible.
russian empire origins
Russian state centered around Moscow emerged from 200 years of Mongol rule in the late 1400's, begins twofold expansion
-conquered the steppe lands and the nomadic raiders threatening south Russia.
-expanded eastward controlling the fir trade by hunter/ga
Qing Dynasty Characteristics
china becomes an empire under the Qing Dynasty as the Manchu's conquer the Ming Dynasty from the north.
forbid intermarriage with Chinese.
split administration jobs with Chinese but Chinese get lower positions
forced Chinese to wear "queues" (pigtails) as
Mughal empire
created by Islamic Turkic warriors, descendants of Genghis Khan and Timur who invaded India in 16th century and unified much of the subcontinent between 1526-1707(conquered in Delhi Sultanate, an earlier Muslim state that treated Hindu's harshly)
Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
Akbar: early emperor of Mughal empire
-intermarried with several Hindu wives
-dictated that Hindu's occupy high political and military posts.
-encouraged the practice of Hindu religion and downplayed differences with Islam in favor of a hybrid culture: Hi
Safavids
Iranian dynasty that ruled Persia
-ottomans and Safavid battled for supremacy
Constantinople
fell in 1453, eastern orthodox Christians were incorporated in Ottoman empire
Roles of Christianity, Jews in OE
-allowed to assume official roles in ottoman court without conversion, taxes often higher than under Byzantine rule.
-process of "devshirme" (the collecting) a quota of christian boys were taken every 5 years to special schools to be trained as administra
European incentive to get to asia
the "gold" incentive provided the incentive for the Europeans to find an alternate water route to Asia.
Portugal: Trading Post Empire
-established trading posts around Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India, southeast asia, and china: objective not to control territory but control trade.
-by 1600, "trading post empire" in decline, overtaken by English and Dutch in Europe and resented by Mugha
Spain in Philippines
-Spain was 1st to challenge Portugal in southeast Asia. Magellan's voyage in 1519-1521 claimed Philippines for Spain (Philip II); 100's of islands with diverse and militarily weak societies; ignored by china and Japan.
-Spain established colonial rule as
Dutch/English East India Companies
-East India companies of England and Netherlands (Holland) began challenging Portugal in early 1600's
-Private companies financed by joint stock companies, under government charters they can wage war and govern conquered peoples
-Dutch focused on east ind
Japanese experience with Europeans
�Asian commerce: initially, European completion not taken seriously by Asian empires/states; even when European naval dominance in clear in southeast Asia, overland routes like silk route little effected. Asian states have alternatives
-Initially, Japan w
fur trade motivations
�Fur trade in global commerce: "little ice age" of this period saw demand for fur skyrocket-as furs hunted to extinction in Europe, sources in Siberia and north America replaced it
*French take lead in central north America, while british control Hudson b
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade: between 1500 and 1866 and estimate 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the so-called "middle passage" (10.7 million arrived about 1.4 million perished enroute-15%)
-By the end of 19th century, all African cu
Old world vs. New world Slavery
-Old world slave trade concentrated in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean Basins, where south Russia was a major source of slaves. Term "slavery" often connected to "Slavs" from south Russia
-However, old world slave trade not based solely on race, but mo
Role of Sugar in New world Slavery
-European develops their sweet tooth and sugar refining techniques from the Arabs during the Crusades. Sugar production centered on Mediterranean islands, using slave labor provided by Slavs from Black Sea region.
-Most Africans transported to Americas en
Beliefs/Role of Martin Luther
�Luther challenged the catholic church
-Disliked the selling of indulgences- for a fee, one could reduce his time in purgatory enroute to heaven; this and other abuses infuriated him
-Luther believed that salvation was based on faith alone-not on good wor
Religious wars in Europe
�Protestant denominations multiplied, with Lutheran, Calvinist (Presbyterian), Anglican (Episcopalian), Quaker and Anabaptist branches, all different except for their refusal to give allegiance to the Pope or to Rome
�Religious conflicts broke out all ove
Missionary experience in China
�An Asian comparison: since china was never conquered by European power, the spread of Christianity was entirely different
-European missionaries had to get permission to practice/spread faith
-Jesuit strategy of accommodation disavowed by church in 18th
Wahhabism
-In Arabia, renewal process initiated by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792): took form of destroying idolatrous tombs, eliminating idols, and forbidding the use of tobacco, hashish, and musical instruments
-By early 1800's, Wahhabi movement had expand
Sikhs
�Sikh Movement in Punjab region of northern India: an attempt to reconcile Islam and Hindu religions: "there is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God"
-Ignored class distinctions and ended seclusion of women
-Proclaimed the "brotherhood of all mankind";
Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution led to the "enlightenment" later in the century, when politicians and philosophers would apply the scientific method to the solution of social, economic, and political problems.
Geocentric vs. heliocentric theories
-Prior to the SR. Europeans held the view of the world derived from Aristotle and Ptolemy: the "geometric theory" which said that the earth was stationary and the sun, moon and stars revolved around it
-The church supported this view, since it complemente
Copernicus/Kepler/Galileo/Newton
-Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, first postulated the "heliocentric theory"
-Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German astronomer, improved on the heliocentric theory with 3 laws of planetary motion:
-Galileo, an Italian astronomer and inventor, pro
enlightenment
-The SR will lead to the "enlightenment"-if human reason could discover the laws of the universe, then its principles could be applied to human affairs, e.g., in economy, in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations
-Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of k