Renaissance
The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history
humanism
A renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers focused on human potential and achievements
secular
worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal
patron
person who financially supports the arts
perspective
an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface
vernacular
the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)
Medici Family
Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries
Renaissance Man
a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics
Renaissance Woman
Upper-class women also should know classics and be charming, they were not expected to seek fame. they should inspire art, seldomely create it. Little influence in politics
Donatello
Italian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David.
Michelangelo
Italian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David.
DaVinci
was sculptor, painter, achitect, inventor, and mathmatician. considered well-rounded universal person., Renaissance man who painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa
Raphael
1483-1520 Short but productive life. Worked in Florence and Rome. Well-known for painting Madonnas, humanized portrayals of the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus. Painted frescoes in Vatican Palace - espec. The School of Athens & The Triumph of Religion - r
Anguissola
known for portraits which capture the family in everyday activities (The Chess Game), one of the few women artists of the Renaissance
Gentileschi
An accomplished female painter; elected to the Florentine Academy of Design; one of the first female artists to paint historical and religious paintings.
Petrarch
Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura
Boccaccio
(1313-1375) Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society.
Machiavelli
Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means.
Northern Renaissance
An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance
Albrecht Durer
German artist who lived from 1471-1528. Famous for his woodcuts and copper engravings. Influenced by Venetian artists, he was versed in classical teachings and humanism. He was also the first to create printed illustrations in books.
Hans Holbein
German portrait painter of the 1500s known for his photographic-like realism
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)
Pieter Bruegel
A Flemish painter that lived from 1525-1569. , captured scenes from peasant weddings, dances, harvests; painted proverbs that taught morals; portrayed large numbers of people; used vivid details and rich colors
Utopia
a book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island
Erasmus
Humanist. taught religion as a way of life. Wrote the "Praise of Folly
Christine de Pizan
highly educated Renaissance-era woman who was among the first to earn a living as a writer; wrote books, including short stories, novels, and manuals on military techniques (in French); her The Book of The City of Ladies and other works spoke out against
William Shakespeare
English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language
Johan Gutenberg
In 1450, he was able to create a printing press with movable type.
indulgence
a pardon releasing a person from priestly-imposed punishments due for a sin
Reformation
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Lutheran
of or pertaining to or characteristic of the branch of the Protestant Church adhering to the views of Luther
Protestant
christians who belonged to non-catholic churches
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion (Catholic or Protestant) of each German state would be decided by its ruler
annul
declare invalid
Anglican
Relating to the Church of England, run by Queen Elizabeth I.
95 Theses
Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation
Pope Leo X
began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the c
Peasant's Revolt
bands of angry peasants went about the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging and burning because they demanded an end to serfdom and the control by the Catholic church. Martin Luther condemned it.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor that tried to stop the spread of Protestantism in the German states.
Henry VIII
(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
Elizabeth I
This queen of England chose a religion that combined the ideas of the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England
predestination
The belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power
Calvinism
believed in predestination, that God was all knowing and it became the dominant theological credo of the Puritans
Theocracy
government run by religious leaders
Presbyterian
a member of a Protestant church governed by elders and founded on the teachings of John Knox
Anabaptist
denied the idea of infant baptism, believed that baptism should be done only by adults who are fully aware of the decision they are making
Catholic Reformation
a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.