militant
to be aggressive or combative
Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin; made up a minority of the total population and were mostly nobility
Henry of Navarre
the political leader of the Huguenots (Protestant) and a member of the Bourbon dynasty (Catholic); became the French King Henry IV and ended the French Wars of Religion
French Wars of Religion
religious civil wars between Protestantism (Huguenots) and Catholicism (French monarchy)
Edict of Nantes
(1598) An edict that recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges
Philip II
King of Spain and great supporter of militant Catholicism; the "Most Catholic King
William the Silent
Prince of Orange (Denmark); stood his ground against Philip II and reached a truce between Spain (Catholicism) and Denmark (Protestantism); created the foundation for the modern Dutch state
Elizabeth Tudor
solved the religious problems of her Catholic half-sister, Mary; repealed laws favoring Catholics, issued a new Act of Supremacy, naming herself as "the only supreme governor;" ushered in the Golden Age of England
armada
a fleet of warships
1588
the defeat of the Spanish Armada
inflation
rising prices due to an influx of money in the market
witchcraft
pagan or magical rituals
Thirty Years' War
last of the religious wars;" a struggle between the Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors (Catholic) and the Bohemian Protestant nobles; all countries in Europe but England participated and was the most destructive of all wars in Europe
Peace of Westphalia
the treaty that officially ended the Thirty Years' War
divine right of kings
kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God
James I
Elizabeth's cousin who began the Stuart dynasty of England; established the philosophy of the divine right of kings
Puritans
Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas
Charles I
son of James I; encountered major struggles with the English Parliament concerning the rights of the monarchy and the people
Cavaliers
members of the Royal army during the English civil war
Roundhead
the parliamentary forces during the English civil war
New Model Army
a new military structure created by Oliver Cromwell; helped the Roundheads win the English civil war
Oliver Cromwell
an Englishman who was a military genius; would eventually become dictator of England after the civil war
commonwealth
an English republic
Rump Parliament
the remaining members of parliament who supported Cromwell after the English civil war; had Charles I executed
James II
a very Catholic English king who placed Catholics in high positions throughout the English government
The Glorious Revolution
the English revolution led by Parliament when they invited William of Orange and Mary to invade England to drive out James II (and Catholicism) and restore Protestantism to England
Bill of Rights of 1689
Parliament had the right to make laws
armies could be raised only with Parliament's consent
citizens had the right to bear arms
citizens had the right to a jury trial
Constitutional Monarchy
a government system which limits the rights of a monarchy under the power of a parliament or congress
Toleration Act of 1689
granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship
Absolutism
a system in which a ruler holds total power
Louis XIV
considered himself the "sun king;" asserted power over France by removing strong nobles from government and replacing with supporters of the monarchy; would "woo" the nobles at Versailles
Cardinal Richelieu
royal advisor to King Louis XIII; strengthened the power of the French monarchy by taking away the political and military rights of Huguenots and setting up a network of spies within France
Cardinal Mazarin
royal advisor to Louis XIV; managed to protect the monarchy by crushing multiple revolts
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
the French controller-general of finances appointed by Louis XIV; moved France into a mercantilist economy
mercantilism
an economy that depends on local resources and penalizes goods and services from outside the country
Prussia
modern-day Poland and eastern Germany
Frederick William the Great Elector
leader of Prussia who established Prussia as a major player in European politics; created a standing army of 40,000, the 4th largest in Europe
General War Commissariat
the Prussian war commission that levied taxes, oversaw the army, and was used to govern the state
Junkers
Prussian aristocrats who owned land
Austria
controlled by the Hapsburg family; remained a weak player in European politics because of a lack of government centralization; included modern-day Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia
Ivan IV
the first Russian ruler to take the name czar; nicknamed "Ivan the Terrible" because of his ruthlessness
boyars
the Russian nobility
Time of Troubles
the period of anarchy between the death of Ivan IV and the ascent of Michael Romanov
Michael Romanov
a czar who established the Romanov dynasty which would last until 1917
Peter the Great
a Romanov czar who was an absolutist and claimed the divine right to rule; made great efforts to "Europeanize" Russia
St. Petersburg
the new port city of Peter the Great; was the Russian capital from 1703 to 1917
mannerism
a new artistic movement that broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, moderation, and proportion and sought to show heightened emotions
El Greco
the most famous artist of mannerism who is known for his unique colors and contorted figures
baroque
the artistic movement following mannerism that sought to bring together the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feelings of the religious revival
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
the greatest figure of the baroque period; was a sculptor and architect; known for his "Throne of St. Peter
Artemisia Gentileschi
the first woman to be elected to the Florentine Academy of Design
William Shakespeare
English playwright who is considered a literary genius
Elizabethan Era
a cultural flowering in England during the 16th and 17th centuries
Thomas Hobbes
wrote "Leviathan;" believed that the ideal government had an absolute ruler with complete power
John Locke
wrote "Two Treatises of Government;" believed in natural rights and that an ideal government worked together with the people using mutual obligations and a constitution
natural rights
rights with which people are born
Lope de Vega
an extraordinary Spanish playwright who wrote nearly 1,500 plays
Miguel de Cervantes
wrote one of the greatest literary works of all time, "Don Quixote