Events that showed Russia's weakness
Crimean War, WWI, Russian Civil War, Russio-Japanese War
Russia was unprepared both militarily and technologically for the total of WWI.
Russia:-had no competent military leaders
-Czar Nicholas II insisted on taking personal charge of armed forces despite lack of ability/training
-Russian industry was unable to produce weapons needed for army.(Many soldiers trained using broomsticks. Other
Czar Nicholas II 's mistakes
autocratic ruler(absolute), relied on army and bureaucracy to hold up his regime, took charge of army at battlefront(he had no experience at all)
How and why was Rasputin able to influence Russian politics?
claimed to be a holy man, influenced Czar's wife, Czar's wife made all important decisions while he was on the front(she always consulted Rasputin).
Peace and Bread! Down with Autocracy!
Russians were growing more upset with Russian rule and on March 8, 1917, 10 000, marched through Petrograd(city) demanding____ and_____.By March 15, Nicholas II stepped down from the throne, ending the 300- year old Romanov dynasty.
Alexander Kerensky
New leader of provisional/temporary government set up to replace the czar. Decided to REMAIN involved in WWI.
The Bolsheviks
Radical communists under the leader, V.I. Lenin, and with GERMAN support, overthrew Russia's temporary government=Russian Revolution of 1917. "Peace, Land, Brad". Renamed themselves the Communists.
Tready of Brest-Litovsk
Russia and Germany signs. Russia gave up east Poland and Ukraine. Russia pulls out of WWI.
Russian Civil War
(1918-21). "Reds" vs "Whites". Fighting because many people were opposed ot new Bolshevik/Communist regime. Communist victory
Reds
Communists
Whites
Anti-Communists. Allies try to help this side.
How did the presence of Allied troops in Russia ultimately help the COMMUNISTS?
Reds(Communists) were united (rigidly and under force). Reds had a common goal. Whites(Anti-Communists) had varying political differences(which resulted in distrust) and were not united.
Why was Communist Russia hostile toward the Allies?
Allies(U.S./Britain/ France) tried helping Communist enemies during (Russian) Civil War.
What happened to Czar Nicholas II and his family?
taked into captivity and moved to Ekaterinburg, night of July16-local soviets murdered them and burned the bodies
What was Russia's new name?
(decided in 1922) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.) or the Soviet Union
Lenin's death
January 21, 1924
Lenin's top advisors and potential successors
Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.(Lenin realized Stalin was nuts)
Stalin
man of steel
1928
Stalin became leader of Communist party
socialism in one country
Stalin saw this instead of worldwide Communism like Lenin. Make Communism work here(Russia) first.s
steel
Russia's known industry
2-Five year Plans
We are 50 to 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in 10 years. Either we do it or we shall be crushed.
Collective farms
take all farms of Russia and redivide them evenly. Ended up not working so well...
Kulaks
wealthy peasants"(owned more land). 100 thousand revelled against collective farms.
Great Purge
Also called the "Red Terror"(1934-39). Russian style "reign of terror". Stalin killed off ANY opposition(undesirables). up to 400 million people killed.
weapons"of totalitarianism
Often used through media. Government TOTALLY controls citizens (birth until death).
indoctrination
instruction of COMMUNIST WAY. "brain washing".
Dictators are nothing without the military behind them.
secret police(brain washed students were convinced to turn in even parents if anything wrong was done/said)/monitoring/military/ violence/force
propaganda
BIASED information. They're not giving you THE WHOLE STORY.
censorship
government controls the media(can block certain ones)
religious persecution
Stalin: "There is no GOD". Religion is outlawed. ALL loyalty to Stalin alone
totalitarian
Stalin forcibly transformed the Soviet Union into a _____ regime as well as an intdustrial and political power.
Results of WWI
the peace settlement left many nations unhappy/border disputes ruined relations in Eastern Europe/ many Germans vowed to revise the terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919
What factors made the newly formed League of Nations weak?
-Failure of U.S. to join league
-U.S. Senate refused to ratify/approve Treaty of Versailles
-Remaining league members could not agree to use force against aggression
France
Which nation demanded that Germany pay the $33 billion in war reparations?
No,only the first payment
Did Germany pay the war reparations?
How did France react to Germany not paying reparations?
outraged. France sent troops to occupy Ruhr Valley, Germany's chief industrial/mining center.
What happened to Germany after France sent in troops to there?
German government adopts policy of passive resistance to French occupation=>German workers go on strike=>Government printgs more paper money=>adds to inflation that had already begun in Germany
How did the Dawes Plan help Germany's economic problem?
(made by U.S.-1924). Reparations reduced. Coordinated Germany's annual payments with its ability to pay. Granted initial $200 million loan for Germany's recovery.
Why was the Treaty of Locarno important?
(1925). Guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium.
Germany
Which nation joined the League of Nations in 1926?
Kellogg-Briand Pact
(1928). 63 nations signed, written by U.S. secretary of state and French foreign minister, pledged: "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy
Causes of the Great Depression
-series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in second half of the 1920s
-International financial crisis involving U.S. stock market(due to U.S. bank loans sent to help Germany during second half of 1920s)(
much of Europe's prosperity built
Results of Great Depression
increased governent interference in the economy and renewed interest in Marxist(Communist) ideas as a solution ot the growing economic problems=>led people to follow dictators
Which nation became the strongest power in Europe after WWI?
France
Britain
During the war, which nation lost many markets for its industrial products to the U.S. and Japan?
Germany,U.S.
Which nation was hit hardest by the Depression? Second hardest hit?
Mass culture/leisure
mostly affected the majority(lower class people)
New work patterns provided people with more free time and to take advantage of leisure activities that developed during turn of century.
surrealism
fantasies, dremas and nightmares portrayed, the greater reality that exists beyond the world of physical appearances.
Salvador Dali
Spaniard, "High Priest"of surrealism. Painted everyday objects in abnormal contexts. Created strange world where irrational became visible. Not everbody accepted modern art forms.
War Communism
Government control of banks....EVERYTHING for building up military(might)