White man's burden
belief of the Europeans that it was their responsibility to civilize primitive people of the world
indirect rule
type of colonial government in which local leaders were left in positions of power; cheaper and easier
peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class
Zulu
African tribe known for its military skill and organizaiton
imperialism
process in which a stronger nation takes over and run a weaker one as a colony usually
social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Used as a reason to justify imperialism
Thailand
only state in South East Asia that remains free from colonial rule
Singapore
first started as British trading colony in SE Asia, becomes important naval base.
Indochina
area that included Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia. Run by the French until after WWII
extraction economy
economic system based on removing natural resources from a colony for use back home to create finished products.
resistance groups
people who tried to get rid of the imperialist rulers like France and Britain; included peasants & wealthy, ruling class
urban middle class
new resistance groups who were usually educated in western style schools.
Belgium
country, whose colony in Africa, started the scramble to take over the continent
David Livingstone
a missionary from Scotland, traveled with a group of Africans deep into Central Africa to promote Christianity
Berlin Conference
meeting of European powers to make rules for taking over Africa
Ethiopia
in 1900 remained one of two free states in African after defeating Italy
Boers
descendants of the original Dutch settlers in the Cape colony in southern Africa
Afrikaaners
another name for the Boers
Cecil Rhodes
founder of the De Beer's mining company; he provides the spark that leads to the Boer War
Union of South Africa
self governing state belonging to the British made up of Cape Colony, Orange Free State, and the Transvaal
guerrilla warfare
type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy
apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
tribalism
Feelings of loyalty to individual tribes, and the cause of much war and strife in modern Africa.
India
colony that became the Crown Jewel of the British Empire
sepoys
soldiers hired by the British East India Company to protect the trading posts
Great Mutiny of 1857
mutiny of sepoy soldiers due to British disrespect of Indian culture
viceroy
person appointed to run the colony in the name of the monarch
zamindars
local officials used by the British to collect taxes in India
Indian National Congress (INC)
formed by Indians, no matter religion or social class, to work for changes in the British run government of their country
textile
industry in India that British colonization ruled
Gandhi
leader of independence movement in India; used non-violent methods
political parties
organized by new African middle class to try to end foreign rule in their land
Haiti
first nation in Latin America to gain indepedence
Toussaint-Louverture
leader of the slave revolt in Hispaniola
creole
group of European descent but born in the colony; are the ones with money; come to resent the ruling class from the mother countries
Napoleonic Wars
weaken the Spanish & Portuguese control over the colonies in Latin America
Miguel Hidalgo
led mestizos & natives in revolt against Mexico on Sept. 16. created Mexico's independence date.
Simon Bolivar
one of leaders of the revolutions that free Central and South America from colonial rule
British navy
the real enforcer of independence in Latin America
caudillos
strong leaders who used military rule & support of the wealthy land owners to run new nations in Latin America
infrastructure
the basic facilities and services that support a community such as railroads and telegraph
Monroe Doctrine
Issued by US president warning the countries of Europe to stay out of the business in the Western Hemisphere
Suez Canal
the completion of this in Egypt led to the British conquest of Egypt
Tagore
This Indian author won the Nobel Peace Prize and was also a spiritual leader, teacher, philosopher, singer & painter