peninsulares
residents of Latin America who were born in Spain
creoles
residents of Latin America who were born in Latin America
mestizos
people of mixed European and Native American ancestry
mulatos
people of mixed European and African ancestry
Saint Domingue
the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule; now known as Haiti
Toussaint L'Ouverture
a freed slave from Saint Domingue who rose to become a skilled general and diplomat. He agreed to stop the revolution if the French ended slavery. Despite their agreement, the French sent him to prison in the French Alps where he eventually died
Jean-Jaques Dessalines
Toussaint's lieutenant, who took up the fight for freedom after Toussaint's death. On January 1, 1804, he declared Saint Domingue an independent country and named it Haiti
Simon Bolivar
a Venezuelan creole who was nicknamed "Libertador" (liberator) and is sometimes referred to as the "George Washington of South America". He planned to unite the Spanish colonies of South America into a single country called Gran Colombia. He won Venezuela
Battle of Ayacucho
a battle that took place in Peru on December 9 and was the last major battle in the war for independence. After this battle, the Spanish colonies won their freedom
Miguel Hidalgo
a priest in the village of Dolores who believed in the Enlightenment. He issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish (grito de Dolores)
grito de Dolores
a cry of rebellion issued by Padre Miguel Hidalgo
Dom Pedro
King John VI's son who stayed behind in Brazil and helped declare Brazil's independence from Portugal and eventually ruled Brazil
conservative
usually wealthy property owners and nobility who protected the monarchies of Europe
liberal
mostly middle-class businesspeople and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments
radical
favored drastic change in government and the expansion of government to all people
nationalism
the belief that the people's greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people instead of a king or emperor
nation-state
a nation with its own independent government
Balkans
a region that includes all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and former Yugoslavia
Battle of Navarino
a battle in which the British, French, and Russian troops destroyed the Ottoman fleet and won the Greeks' independence
King Charles X
tried to return the monarchy to France after the revolution, but riots caused him to flee to Great Britain
Louis-Phillippe
a man who supported liberal reforms in France and ruled there for 18 years until he fell from popular favor
Louis-Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew who was elected as president of France. Four years later, he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III. As emperor, he built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and began a public works program
Alexander II
son of Czar Nicholas I and tried to move Russia toward modernization. He issued the Edict of Emancipation which freed over 20 million serfs
Alexander III
succeeded Alexander II and encouraged industrial development to expand Russia's power
nationalists
believed that people of a single nationality or ancestry should unite under a single government
monarchists
wanted to restore the old order from before the French Revolution and saw nationalism as a force for disunity
Austro-Prussian War
a war in which Prussia defeated Austria and gained control of the newly organized North German Confederation
Emperor Francis Joseph
split the Austrian empire in half and declared Austria and Hungary independent states with himself as the ruler of both
Russification
forcing Russian culture on all of the ethnic groups in the Russian Empire. This change increased nationalistic feelings and helped to disunify Russia
Piedmont-Sardinia
the largest and most powerful of the Italian states
Victor Emmanuel II
the king of Sardinia
Count Camillo di Cavour
prime minister of Sardinia. He worked to gain control of northern Italy for Sardinia by beginning a war with Austria (who controlled northern Italy at the time) and then defeating them. This allowed him to take all of northern Italy except Venetia. While
Giuseppe Garibaldi
led a small army of Italian nationalists known as the Red Shirts. He and his followers conquered much of southern Italy and agreed to unite them with the kingdom go Piedmont-Sardinia
German Confederation
a group of 39 German states that were ruled by the Austrian Empire
realpolitik
a term used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism; the politics of reality
Otto von Bismark
master of realpolitik. He ruled Prussia with the king's approval, but without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget. He formed an alliance with Austria and went to war against Denmark, then stirred up boarder conflicts with Austria and went
Seven Weeks' War
Otto von Bismark stirred up border conflicts with Austria which resulted in a war. The Prussians defeated the Austrians and took control of northern Germany
Franco-Prussian War
Otto von Bismark instigated this war between Prussia and France and the Prussians eventually won. The winning of this war was the final stage in German unification
kaiser
Prussian emperor
junker
Prussia's wealthy landowning class
romanticism
an artistic movement that reflected deep interest in nature and the thoughts and feelings of the individual
British Romantic Poets
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats
German Romantic Writers
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm (the Grimm brothers)
Victor Hugo
French romantic writer who wrote Les Mierables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Mary Shelly
wrote Frankenstein, one of the earliest and most successful Gothic horror novels.
Romantic Composers
Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Feliz Mendelssohn, Frederic Chopin, Guiseppe Verdi, Richard Wagner
realism
trying to show life as it was, not as it should be (opposite of romanticism)
daguerreotypes
the first practical photographs invented by Louis Daguerre
William Talbot
invented a light-sensitive paper used to produce photographic negatives
Honore de Balzac
realist writer who wrote a series of 100 novels called The Human Comedy
Emile Zola
realist writer who exposed the miseries of French workers
Charles Dickens
realist writer who showed the despair of London's working poor
impressionism
an artistic style where artists show their impression of a subject or moment in time
Impressionist Artists
Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Impressionist Composers
Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy