Henry Ford
perfected the assembly line
Charles Lindbergh
Flew first nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean from NYC to Paris, France
Harlem Renaissance
a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Prohibition
a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages- 18th amendment
A.Mitchell Palmer
attorney general who authorized anti-radical raids and deportations
Palmer Raid
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
National Origins Act of 1924
A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Writer of "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age".
Great Migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Sacco and Vanzetti
were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime.
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
Abe Lincoln
16th President - Civil War President - Killed by John Wilkes Booth - wrote emancipation proclamation - gave gettysburg address.
Stephen Douglas
Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine.
Sharecropping
A system used on southern farms after the civil war in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
(1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendemnt) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.
Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson
Impeached for political rather than legal reasons by radical Republicans. He avoided being removed from office by one vote.
Robert E. Lee
Confederate general (South) who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude.
14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws.
13th Amendment
abolishes slavery in the U.S.
Radical Republicans
Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free.
Union Advantages
1) bigger population 2)bigger weapon production 3) bigger railroad mileage 4) bigger factory production 5) bigger farm acreage
John Brown
abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858).
Causes of the Civil War
Economic and social differences between the North and the South, having states vs. federal rights, slaves vs. non-slave proponents, the Growth of abolitionist movement and the election of President Abraham Lincoln.
Santa Anna
Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876).
Denmark Vesey
United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822).
Whiskey Rebellion
a 1794 protest over a tax on all liquor made and sold in the United States.
Nat Turner
United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia
Marbury v Madison
established concept of judicial review, first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional'.
XYZ Affair
a 1797 French attempt to bribe the United States by demanding money before discussing French seizure of neutral American ships.
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
League of Nations
An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire
National War Labor Board
During WWII it mediated disputes between management and laborers to prevent strikes.
Zimmermann Note
a secret document to Mexico that said Germany would help them regain lost territories in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they joined the war on the Central Powers side.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.
Kaiser Wilhelm
(1859-1941) King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war.
Luisitania
British passanger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915; 1200 people died and 128 Americans died.
Causes of World War I
nationalism, imperialism, militarism, creation of alliances (Central and Allied Powers); immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) by a Serb on June 28, 1914.
Panama Canal
a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914).
Teddy Roosevelt
26th President (1901-1909) Republican, Harvard Grad, youngest to be president (after McKinley died), filed anti-trust suits.
Dollar Diplomacy
diplomacy influenced by economic considerations
Native Americans
the first people to live in America. Their culture was influenced by their ENVIRONMENTS and they caught diseases by Europeans through the Columbian Exchange
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in North America
Massachusetts Bay Colony
One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community
Jonathan Edwards
American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)
John Smith
English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia.
Indentured Servants
Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years.
Events leading to the Revolution
1753-1763 French and Indian War; 1763 Proclamation Act; 1764 Sugar Act; 1765 Stamp Act; 1765 Stamp Act Congress; 1770 Boston Massacre; 1770-1775 Commitees of Correspondence; 1773 Boston Tea Party; 1774 Continental Congress; 1775 Fighting at Lexington and
Common Sense
a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.
George Grenville
British Prime Minister Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament.
Metacom
Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who led an attack on villages throughout New England. This was the largest conflict in 1675.
Mercantilism
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.
Middle Passage
The route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade.
Coercive Acts
This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own h
Senate
the upper house of the United States Congress possessing high legislative powers.
House of Representatives
One of the two parts of Congress, considered the "lower house." Representatives are elected directly by the people, with the number of representatives for each state determined by the state's population.
Electoral College
a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president.
Chief Executive
term for the president as vested with the executive power of the united states
Constitutional Convention
the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787.
Great Compromise
Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house.
Three Fifths Compromise
agreement at the constitutional Convention that 3/5 of the slaves in any state be counted in its population.
Popular Sovereignty
people hold the final authority in all matters of government.
Federalists
supporters of the constitution.
1st Amendment
freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.
8th Amendment
No cruel and unusual punishments.
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18
Necessary and Proper clause. most power of fed gov't is in this.
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
Bank of the United States
a national bank funded by the federal government and wealthy investors.
Election of 1796
The first real contested presidential election. Federalists support John Adams, Republicans support Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins, Jefferson becomes V.P.
Causes of the War of 1812
1. Impressment
2. Since 1783, when GB was to leave the US, they have continued to maintain their forts in the west. They are inciting the Indians to attack US settlers.