Lincon's Reconstruction Plan
Lincoln's plan to rebuild the country into one Union. He called for 10% of the South to pledge alegiance to the Union.
Wade-Davis Bill
50% of the Southern population would have to pledge allegiance. States would have to agree with Constitution.
Johnson's Plan
pass the 13th amendment, agreed with 10% of Southerners states would have to agree with the Constitution.
Radical Republicans
They wanted to punish the Union & disagreed with the Union.
Thirteenth Amendment
abolished slavery
Freedmen's Bureau
Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War
General Oliver Howard
Service as director of the Freedmen's Bureau.
President Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States
Presidential Reconstruction
was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.
10% Plan
This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emanc
Black Codes
Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
Congressional Reconstruction
The return of 11 ex-Confederates to high offices and the passage of the Black Codes by southern legislatures angered the Republicans in Congress so that they adopted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective of freed blacks.
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto
Fourteenth Amendment
made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country
Charles Sumner
Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks
Thaddeus Stephens
A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.
Moderate Republicans
group that viewed Reconstruction as a practical matter of restoring states into the Union and keeping the former Confederates out of government
Military Reconstruction Act
It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law
impeachment of Johnson
Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced h
Fifteenth Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Hiram R. Revels
North Carolina free black, he became a senator in 1870.
Blanche K. Bruce
An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.
Scalawags
southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction
carpetbaggers
northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan
founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American
Force Acts (Enforcement Acts)
federal troops were sent to quell teh KKK's intimidation
Solid South
Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.
Lost Cause
a defeated cause or a cause for which defeat is inevitable
Redeemers
Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white
Bourbons
Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
President Rutherford B. Hayes
1877-1881, Tried to reform civil service and stop spoils system.
Ex Parte Milligan, 1866
Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available.
sharecropping
system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops
crop lien laws
The crop-lien system was a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Local merchants provided food and supplies all year long on credit; when the cotton crop was harvested farmers tur
Slaughterhouse" cases
A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extend
Civil Rights" cases
1883 - These state supreme court cases ruled that Constitutional amendments against discrimination applied only to the federal and state governments, not to individuals or private institutions. Thus the government could not order segregation, but restaura
poll taxes
Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were decla
literacy tests
Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed.
grandfather" clauses
law that excused a voter from literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan. 1 1867
gerrymandering
the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent
Jim Crow" laws
Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights
lynching
putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
editor of black newspaper and spoke out against violence, wrote about lynching
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper
accommodation
(physiology) the automatic adjustment in focal length of the lens of the eye
Atlanta Compromise
Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice
plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
Seperate but equal facilities based upon race is constitutional
separate but equal
Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.
W. E.B. DuBois
fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP
Niagra Movement
Led by W.E.B. Du Bois, that focused on equal rights and education of African American youth. Rejecting the gradualist approach of Booker T. Washington, members kept alive a program of militant action and claimed for African Americans all the rights afford
talented tenth
According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People