Sultanate of Malacca
Established 1401, Portuguese Invasion 1511
Kingdom in modern Malaysia
Initially Hindu kingdom, but then converted to Islamic, and shifted focus from maritime to trading post, seeing "all traders from the West and the Orient." Reached and taken over by the
Tenochtitlan
Early 14th to early 16th c., Capital and center of the tribute empire of the Aztecs located on the swampy Lake Texcoco in Mexico; eventually taken over by Cortez when Spanish conquer the Aztec empire
significance: second largest city, placed under siege a
Potosi
Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.
Founded 1545.
In modern Bolivia.
Location of the Spanish colonial mint, as it had vast supplied of natural silver ore. The major supply of s
Natural rights
Both Natural Rights and the General Will are philosophical concepts of the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau of French Revolution fame.
Natural rights are the rights that people have in the state of nature. Namely, complete physical freedom and lib
general will
Both Natural Rights and the General Will are philosophical concepts of the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau of French Revolution fame.To define the general will it is important to understand the idea of the sovereign. The sovereign is the collecti
King-in-Parliament
The idea of King-in-Parliament is a key concept of the Westminster system of government developed in England in the 17th century. Previously, the government belonged to the king, he could hire and fire his ministers and pass whichever laws he desired. I.e
Battle of Omdurman
British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. When: September 2, 1898
Where: Omdurman, Sudan (near Khartoum on the Nile River)
Who:
Sepoy Rebellion
When: May 1857 (1857-1859)
Where: India
Who: Sepoys (Indian soldiers in the British India Army) against the British officials
What: The Sepoys staged a mutiny which transformed into a large-scale rebellion against the British officials (killed British off
Boer War a.k.a South African War
When: 1899-1902
Where: South Africa, in Afrikaner-populated territories
Who: Dutch-speaking Boer inhabitants & the British empire
What: Brutal war between the Boers (aka Afrikaners) and the British; whites against whites, but lots of black Africans died a
the jewel in the crown
What: Novel published in 1966 written in form of interviews, letters..etc from the POV of the narrator
Who: Author of the novel is British novelist, Paul Scott. The novel involves a British woman who goes to India and realizes how she despises British att
Trading Post empires
A series of fortified trade posts established first by the Portuguese Developed at the end of the 15th c. and on in Africa and Asia then the Dutch, French, English and Spanish to command hegemony over large coastal areas.forced merchant vessels to call at
Great Game
- When: 1860 - 1914
o Where: Central Asia (from Afghanistan to the Aral Sea) and Southeast Asia
o Who: Britain and Russia
o What: Fight for supremacy in Central Asia (India mainly)
o Why: Russia desired a strong colonial presence in Asia because of its ri
Spanish American War
o When: 1898 - 1899
o Where: Gulf of Mexico - Caribbean islands and Central America.
o Who: US and Spain
o What: Protect American business interests in the Gulf, especially Havana's harbor.
o Why: US battleship Maine exploded, and thus war ensued.
o Histo
Robert Owen
o When: 1771-1858
o Where: Scotland
o Who: Utopian socialist, businessman
o What: Transformed an underperforming Scottish cotton mill town (New Lanark) into a model industrial community. Raised wages, reduced workdays, built comfortable housing and made c
Geocentrism v. Heliocentrism
o Heleocentrism - Copernicus 1473 - 1453
� In 1543 he published a treatise "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" that broke with Ptolemaic theory and pointed European science in a new direction
� Copernicus argued that the sun rather than the earth
Enlightened Absolutism
� Who
o Catherine II of Russia
� Great patron of the arts
o Frederick the Great of Prussia
� Unable to implement enlightened reforms in practice
� Modernized bureaucracy, civil service, & promoted religious tolerance
o Joseph II - Holy Roman Emperor
o Lou
Grievance List (Saint Domingue)
� Who
o Free citizens and colored landowners of French colonies
� When
o September 1789
� What
o Demands that the Declaration of the Rights of Man apply to all free blacks and mulattos in French colonies.
o Essentially demands that these people receive th
Zaibatsu
- Influence and size allowed for control over significant parts of the Japanese economy from the Meiji period until end of WWII
o Existed from 19th century- not common until after WWI
- Definition: "wealthy clique"- large family-controlled monopolies cons
Songhay Empire
- State located in Western Africa
- Early 15th to late 16th century
- One of largest African empires in history
- Base of power on bend of Niger River
- 1340- Songhay took advantage of Mali Empires decline and asserted its independence
- Made Gao their ca
Empiricism
Who: Founded by John Locke
When: late 1600s
Where: England
What: philosophy of science
Why: emphasizes those aspects of scientific knowledge that are related to evidence
Historical Significance: Part of the scientific method, that all hypotheses and theor
Tabula Rasa
Who: By John Locke
When: Late 1600s
Where: England
What: Based off of a theory of Aristotle, "Blank Slate" theorizes that individuals are born with a blank slate, where knowledge comes from experience and perception. This is reflective of a "nurture" argu
Virgin of Gaudalupe
Spanish settlers in Mexico sought to spread Christianity. After the mid-seventeenth century, Christianity became increasingly popular among mestizo society who began to take the Virgin of Guadalupe as a national symbol. The Virgin of Guadalupe gained a re
Population Explosion
Who: Europeans
What: an increase in the population throughout Europe during which Europe experience a
43% growth in 50 years
When: first half of the 19th century
Where: Europe
Why: increase in different foodstuffs (especially the potato); improved sanitat
New Imperialism
Who: European powers and African and Indian colonies
What: the process by which a superior military strength exerts control on an inferior
region and exploits it
When: boomed in the 19th century
Where: Africa & India
Why: Livingston describes the causes a
Berlin Conference
Who: It was set up by Otto von Bismark and was attended by delegates from 12 European states, the US and the Ottoman Empire
What: A meeting of international powers during which they set up the ground rules for the colonization of Africa, which included:
e
Incas
Who: Francisco Pizarro
When: 1463-1532
Where: South America
What: Highly developed, wealthy South American civilization; the capital was Cuzco; controlled about 11 million people at its peak; Conquered by Spanish conquistador Pizarro in the Battle of Cuzc
White man's burden
Who: European white men
What: Mentality of white European men that the people of Africa and India were inherently lesser developed. They had lesser technology and less sophisticated societies. This was an Eurocentric and racist definition used that put He
Quinine
Who: European imperialists
What: Made from tree bark it was a drug used by Europeans to protect them against malaria, a disease they did not have immunity against but was in Africa and something they would encounter as they sought to overtake, exploit and
Suez Canal
Who: Muhammad Ali's grandson Ishmael, who later became Abbas I and the people of Egypt
What: Artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. It allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigatio
Indian National Congress
Who: Founded by Indians under British rule
What: Major national party in India created to pave the way for India to free itself of British imperial control that had crippled them since the British East India company came to India in the 1750's.
Where: Ind
Jamaica Letter
The Jamaica Letter was written by Sim�n Bolivar in 1815 while he was
in exile in Kingstown, Jamaica. The letter was intended to attract
British support for the Latin American independence movement. In it,
Bolivar discusses his desire for a united Latin Am
The Agricultural Revolution
In the 18th century, new agricultural techniques spread throughout industrializing nations. The use of fertilizing root crops and improvements in land management enabled more land to be kept in
productive use. This significantly improved upon previous two
Galileo Galilei
� 1564-1642
� He showed that the heavens were not the perfect, unblemished realm that Ptolemaic astronomers assumed but, rather, a world of change, flux, and many previously unsuspected sights.
� Galileo took a recently invented instrument - the telescope
Potato
European colonists discovered the potato in the New World (the Americas), transporting it back to Europe along with the other transported commodities such as the tomato during the Columbian exchange that began at the very end of the 15th c. onward. The in
English Exceptionalism
o At the beginning of industrialization (mid 18th c.) in England, the British claimed that although many countries would industrialize, England would do so first because they were "exceptional" ? factors/reasons:
� Largest colonial possessions of any coun
Leopold II
o King of Belgium ruled 1865-1908
o In 1876, he set up The International Association for Exploration of Africa, declared the scramble for Africa, basically a world competition that held that imperialism was a zero sum game, aka my gain is your loss.
o Als
Indentured labor
o Who: Asia, Africa, and the Pacific island generally traveled as indentured laborers (in contrast to Europeans). Majority of indentured servents came from India
o What: A labor system/contract in which labor recruiters offerd workers free passage to thei
Prester John
8/9th c. to 16th c. mythical Christian leader with a powerful kingdom in Africa who, if found, could help Christian Europeans in their quest against the Muslims. The myth eventually gets transported to the East, with thoughts that maybe Prester John was a
Prince Henry the Navigator
� 1394-1460
� European explorers acted on 2 different motives:
o The desire to expand the boundaries of Roman Catholic Christianity
o The desire to profit from commercial opportunities
� The experience of Portugal illustrates that mixture of motives
� Dur
Astrolabe
� The astrolabe was a simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon
� It was not possible to determine longitude at sea in the early day
Vasco da Gama
Portugese explorer whose voyage (1497-1499) took him from lisbon, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, he cruised up the east African coast � In 1498 he arrived at Calicut, and by 1499 he had returned to Lisbon with a hugely profitable cargo of pepper and spic
Fall of Constantinople
Orchestrated by Mehmed the 2nd (Mehmed the conqueror) through the Battle of Constantinople from 1451-1481.
Significance: The ottomans take over the Byzantine Empire spreading the Muslim tradition; cut off trade routes to the E. for Europe, cuts off access
Los Reyes Catolicos
� Fernando and Isabel of Spain were popularly known as the Catholic Kings
� The process of state building was most dramatic in Spain, where the marriage in 1469 of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile united the two wealthiest and most important Iberi
The Seven Years War
� 1756-1763
� Exploration and imperial expansion led to conflicts not only between Europeans and Asians, but also among Europeans themselves
� Commercial rivalries combined with political differences and came to a head in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
The Colombian Exchange
� The "Columbian exchange" was the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus and other European mariners
� It had consequences much more p
Manila Galleons
� Spanish trading ships that were sleek, fast, heavily armed ships capable of carrying large cargoes
� For 250 years, from 1565-1815, Spanish galleons regularly plied the waters of the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco on the we
Encomienda
� As originally developed in Spain during the 'reconquista,' the encomienda system rewarded Spanish conquerors by allowing them to exact both labor and tribute from defeated populations, while requiring the encomenderos to look after the physical and spir
Creoles
� All European territories became multicultural societies where peoples of varied ancestry lived together under European or Euro-American dominance
o Spanish and Portuguese territories soon became not only multicultural but ethnically mixed as well, large
James Cook
British explorer, navigator, cartographer who charted E. Australia and New Zealand, also adding New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Hawaii to the global map
Work contributed heavily to the understanding of the world's various populations and geography
o Dutch sai
Triangle Trade
� The demand for labor in the western hemisphere stimulated a profitable commerce known as the triangular trade, since European ships often undertook voyages of three legs
� 3 legs:
o On the first leg they carried horses and European manufactured goods (m
Middle Passage
Atlantic slave trade (15th-19th c): Trans-atlantic journey for slaves from Africa on unhygienic, overly crowded ships where they faced brutality and harsh treatment. Conditions were so terrible that slaves often chose death over living through the journey
Maroons
� No matter where they lived, slaves did not meekly accept their servile status and resisted in numerous ways. Some forms of resistance were mild but costly to slave owners: slaves often worked slowly for their masters but diligently in their own gardens,
The Glorious Revolution
� In the absence of a king, Cromwell's Puritan regime took power but soon degenerated into a disagreeable dictatorship, prompting parliament to restore the monarchy in 1660
� King and parliament, however, soon resumed their conflicts
� The issue came to a
Adam Smith
� 1723-1790
� Capitalism posed moral challenges ? medieval theologians had regarded profit-making activity as morally dangerous, since profiteers looked to their own advantage rather than the welfare of the larger community
� Even as it transformed the Eu
Nicolaus Copernicus
o Copernicus argued that the sun rather than the earth stood at the center of the universe and that the planets including the earth, revolved around the sun ? heliocentric universe
o He did not want to overthrow the church, he just wanted to clean up what
Galileo Galilei
� 1564-1642
� He showed that the heavens were not the perfect, unblemished realm that Ptolemaic astronomers assumed but, rather, a world of change, flux, and many previously unsuspected sights.
� Galileo took a recently invented instrument - the telescope
Scientific Method
� As evidence accumulated, it became clear that the Ptolemaic universe simply did not correspond with reality
� Astronomers based their theories on increasingly precise observational data, and they relied on mathematical reasoning to organize the data
� S
John Locke
� 1632-1704
� Locke was an English philosopher who worked to discover natural laws of politics
o He attacked divine right theories that served as a foundation for absolute monarchy and advocated constitutional government on the grounds that sovereignty re
philosophes
Late 17th c. idea generated by John Locke in which one is born as a "blank slate" and everything one knows comes through senses and experience
Signif: con� They appeared in 1720
� Called for religious toleration and freedom to express their views openly
�
Voltaire
� 1694-1778
� more than any other philosophe, Francois-Marie Arouet epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment
o Writing under the pen name 'Voltaire,' he published his first book at age 17
o By the time of his death at age 84, his published writings incl
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
father of the romantic movement who focused on the important of civil liberties (over inherent liberties); A Social Contract (1762); thry. That education needed to be appreciated for its intrinsic value
� The most prominent advocate of political equality
Marie Gouze
� 1748-1793
� She educated herself by reading books
� Under the name Olympe de Gouges she won some fame as a journalist, actress, and playwright
� She was a revolutionary and strong advocate of women's rights
o She responded enthusiastically when the Fren
Ancien Regime
("The former system"/"the old order") dating back to 893, the breakdown of france's citizens into the three estates of clergy, nobles and everyone else; lack of equality in representation in the former system during the enlightenment triggers the pursuit
Bastille
� On 17 June 1789 representatives of the third estate took the dramatic step of seceding form the Estates General and proclaiming themselves the National Assembly ? 3 days later, meeting in an indoor tennis court, members of the new Assembly swore not to
Toussaint L'Ouverture
� 1744-1803
� The only successful slave revolt in history took place on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in the aftermath of the French revolution ? when the French revolution broke out in 1789, white settlers in Saint Domingue sought the right to gover
Coal
� Coal played a crucial role in the industrialization of Great Britain.
� Until the 18th century, wood had served as the primary sour e of fuel for iron production, home heating, and cooking
o Prodigious uses of wood, however, had also hastened deforestat
James Watt
� The most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era was the improvement and development of a general-purpose steam engine in 1765 by James Watt, an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland
� Steam engines burned coal
Luddites
� In some instances, machine-centered factories sparked violent protest
o Between 1811 and 1816, organized bands of English handicraft workers known as Luddites went on a rampage and destroyed textile machines that they blamed for their low wages and unem
Manchester
� Income determined the degree of comfort and security offered by city life
o The wealthy insulated themselves from urban discomforts with elegant homes in the suburbs
� The working poor, in contrast, crowded into the centers of cities to live in shoddy h
Marx
� 1818-1883
� Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were German theorists who were the most prominent of the 19th century socialists
o They scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic dabblers whose ideal communities had no hope of resolving the problems of th
Trans-Siberian Railroad
� In Russia the tsarist government promoted industrialization by encouraging the construction of railroads to link the distant regions of the far-flung empire
o Most impressive of the Russian railroads was the trans-Siberian line, constructed between 1891
Alexander II
� Reigned 1855-1881
� Modernizes Russia - army, railroad
� Singed the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which ended the Crimean War
� Abolishes serfdom in 1861 ? he suggested to the nobility of Moscow, "it is better abolish serfdom from above than to wait until th
Bartolome de las Casas
� 1484-1566
� Bartolemew de las cases: responsible for the protection of the indigenous from the exploits of the Spanish
o In doing so he was responsible for the Black Legend
o The Spanish abused the indigenous so much and are responsible for depopulation
Price revolution
� Price revolution refers to a phase of huge inflation, which prevailed across Western Europe from later half of 15th century to first half of 17th century.
� Prices on average rose around sixfold over a time span of over 150 years.
� Some attributed this
Mercantilism
� Many historians of mercantilism consider Colbert, who was Louis 14th's financial advisor, a key figure
� Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of
Latin American Holocaust
incredible depopulation of America caused by Columbian exchange influences such as deaths in wars, diseases like small pox and horrific working conditions of the indigenous people in Aztec & Incan empires during the 15th and 16th c.
weakened empires and l
The English East Indian Company
� The English East India Company was an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading with the Indian subcontinent and China.
� The oldest among several similarly formed Euro
Enclosure
� If you were rich and you got an enclosure act, you could that land from someone if it was not being used ? no compensation for the poor
o You can build wall around area and call it yours as long as you cultivate it
o Puts in place about 7 million new ac
Salons
� The salon is a 17th century French idea, a gathering of stimulating and attractive people of quality under the roof of an inspiring hostess, partly to amuse one another and partly to refine their taste and increase their knowledge through conversation a