What is regenerative medicine?
a branch of translational research in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function".
The results of a first-in-human study now published in The Lancet demonstrate that cartilaginous grafts engineered from autologous nasal chondrocytes can be used for what?
the clinical repair of articular cartilage defects in the knee
Describe adult stem cells
an undifferentiated cell found in a differentiated tissue that can renew itself and (with certain limitations) differentiated tissues that can renew itself and (with certain limitations) differentiate to yield all the specialized cell types of the tissue
Describe a blastocyst
A preimplantation embryo of about 150 cells
the blastocyst consists of:
- a sphere made up of an outer layer of cells (the trophectoderm)
- a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel)
- and a cluster of cells on the interior (the inner cell mass)
July 13, 2016, University of Nottingham
Scientists have discovered a new method of creating human stem cells which could solve the big problem of what?
the large-scale production needed to fully realize the potential of these remarkable cells for understanding and treating disease.
What is IVF?
in vitro fertilization
an assisted reproduction technique (ART) in which fertilization is accomplished outside the body
describe plasticity
The ability of stem cells from one adult tissue to generate the differentiated cell types of another tissue
Describe embryonic stem cells
Primitive (undifferentiated) cells from the embryo that have the potential to become a wide variety of specialized cell types
To be useful for transplant purposes, stem cells must be reproducibly made to do what?
- Proliferate extensively and generate sufficient quantities of tissue.
- Differentiate into the desired cell type(s).
- Survive in the recipient after transplant.
- Integrate into the surrounding tissue after transplant.
- Function appropriately for the
Why are stem cells capable of?
capable of helping treat/cure human disease
Is stem cell research a recent development? How did it start?
no, part of IVF since 1962
arose from attempts of make cell outgrowths
Origins - study differentiation in vitro of disaggregated cells from mammalian embryo at stage prior to uterus implant
What properties of Pre-Implant Blastocyst ES cells were astonishing?
- Large nuclei
- distinct nuclei
- Typical Morphology, karyotype, and enzymatic properties
- Long-lived and stable; differed greatly from typical somatic cell lines that have highly limited life spans
Discuss Edwards' early IVF research
- Grew the 1st human blastocysts in vitro at 5 days after insemination, overcoming previous near impossibility of getting human blastocysts
- Years later, the birth of children conceived in vitro confirmed that human blastocysts in vitro are capable of no
Discuss contributions to ES cell research
- 1986 - Holland's mouses ES cells to colonize and repair damaged tissue using restoration of Bone Marrow Function in irradiated mouse recipients (used to repopulate hematopoietic system In irradiated mice)
- Chromosome Markers revealed mouse or rat ES ce
Discuss the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007
- won for KO genes in mice
- "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
Capecchi, Evans, and Smithies
What were the exciting prospects of ES cells?
- capable of wide-differentiation patterns
- single cells colonize vast areas of chimeras
- repair tissue in sick recipients following pre-existing fetal pathways of tissue colonization
- persist in vivo throughout life span of animal
- limited host vs. g
What was the Government Moratorium of 2008?
In 2008, US and GW and the NIH object ethically to use of human embryos to make stem cells, yet accept 64 lines prepared by foreign investigators or by private US clinics
(Those lines were the ones already in use at the largest stem cell research center i
Discuss Obama's orders on ES research.
On March 9, 2009, President Barack Obama issued Executive Order (EO 13505) entitled Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells
The EO also revoked two items:
- the presidential statement of August 9, 2001
- Executive O
Discuss GW's orders on ES cell research.
- President GWB announced that federal funds may be awarded for research using human embryonic stem cells if the following criteria are met
- the derivation process (which begins with the destruction of the embryo) was initiated prior to 9 PM on 8/9/01
-
Discuss the funding of stem-cell research
- NIH does not fund much
- only a small amount of money from federal funding which is very hard to get
- most funding is from private funding
Discuss Edward's opinions on stem cell research.
- embryos not property
- Patents should
Stem cell Ethics are Minor compared to issues raised by what?
1- gamete donation
2- surrogate pregnancy
3- embryo cryopreservation
4- research on early human embryos
5- preimplantation genetic diagnosis
6- Adult cloning
What are the potential sources of ES cells?
1- embryonic tissue
2- primordial germ cells
3- early and late fetuses
4- cord blood
=Multipotential cells, can grow and differentiate into hematopoietic, muscle, neural and other cell types
Discuss the recency of IVF
1978-birth of the first IVF baby
Discuss what stem cell research allows us to do
-Understand how an organism develops
-Understand how healthy cells replace damaged cells
-Treat diseases like Parkinson's and Diabetes, and heart disease
-Fascinating area current biology
What are the 2 important characteristics of stem cells?
- unspecialized cells renew themselves for long periods
- become other types of cells with right treatment
What are the 3 general properties of all stem cells regardless of their source?
1. capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods;
2. unspecialized;
3. give rise to specialized cell types
What are the 2 kinds of stem cells?
ES cells
Adult Stem Cells
Discuss the stages of development that two kinds of stem cells are collected from.
ES
- ES cells from mice about 20 years ago
- 1998 - human ES cells came from embryos made for IVF and no longer needed and donated for research
Adult
- 3-5 day old embryo (blastocyst) small group of 30 cells (inner mass cells) give rise to 100's of highly
Discuss the differences in ethical issues between the two kinds of stem cells
ES
-Company could say hey if you have an abortion well give you so much for that material
-Should that material be allowed for science
Adult
No ethical issues with adult stem cells
-Fat biopsy or muscle biopsy or cheek scrape
-Can get from diff locations
Where are stem cells found in developing fetus?
stem cells in developing tissues make up heart, lung, skin, others
Where are stem cells found in adult tissues?
like bone marrow, muscle, and brain there are adult stem cells that can generate replacement for cells lost (normal wear & tear, injury, or disease)
Discuss the Dickey Amendment.
-passed by a Republican Congress during the Clinton Administration, which prohibited federal funding to any research that creates or destroys human embryos-GWB enacted a law providing federal funding for previously existing stem cell lines (where the embr
What were the criticisms of LA rep, Republican Richard Baker's, statement? Have human embryonic stem cells successfully treated any human diseases?
ESC research has not yielded one cure or one treatment for human disease"
�Scientists have been able to do experiments with human embryonic stem cells (hESC) only since 1998, when a group led by Dr. James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin developed
What is currently the only type of stem cell commonly used to treat human diseases?
adult stem cells, such as blood-forming stem cells in bone marrow (called hematopoietic stem cells, or HSCs)
What types of human diseases are HSCs used to treat?
reconstitute the immune system after leukemia, lymphoma or various blood or autoimmune disorders have been treated with chemotherapy.
diabetes and advanced kidney cancer.
- However, these newer uses have involved studies with a very limited number of pati
To date, ony how many states have approved funding for stem cell research?
12 (not LA)
Did Edwards receive a Nobel Prize?
Yes, but in 2010