Indicate whether photophosphorylation occurs in chloroplasts, mitochondria, or both:
A) chloroplasts
B) mitochondria
C) both
A) chloroplasts
Light dependent ATP synthesis is called______.
A) photophosphorylation
B) oxidative phosphorylation
C) substrate-level phosphorylation
A) photophosphorylation
The site of ATP synths is in the chloroplast is the _____ membrane.
A) stroma
B) inner mitochondrial
C) plasma
D) thylakoid
E) outer mitochondrial
D) thylakoid
Indicate whether NADH oxidation occurs in chloroplasts, mitochondria, or both:
A) chloroplasts
B) mitochondria
C) both
B) mitochondria
In the circulation, free fatty acids bind to______.
A) HDL
B) malonyl-CoA
C) cholesterol
D) chylomicrons
E) albumin
E) albumin
The molecules acetoacetate, acetone, and D-?-hydroxybutyrate are metabolic fuels termed______.
A) HDL
B) cholesterol
C) chylomicrons
D) pantothenate
E) ketone bodies
E) ketone bodies
Acyl carrie protein (ACP) contains the same prosthetic group as _______.
A) DHAP
B) cholesterol
C) chylomicrons
D) CoA
E) ketone bodies
D) CoA
Fatty acid synthesis requires the initiating molecules acetyl-CoA and ______.
A) propionyl-CoA
B) DHAP
C) malonyl-CoA
D) cholesterol
E) pantothenate
C) malonyl-CoA
Cells can obtain cholesterol by taking up ______ via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
A) VLDL
B) HDL
C) IDL
D) LDL
E) albumin
D) LDL
A molecule that signals vasodilation is _____, which is synthesized from the precursor _____.
A) nitric oxide (NO), arginine
B) nitrous oxide, arginine
C) nitric oxide (NO), citrulline
D) nitrous oxide, citrulline
E) none of the above
A) nitric oxide (NO), arginine
The electrons used to convert an NDP to a dNDP ultimately come from ______.
A) fumarate
B) NADPH
C) uric acid
D) IMP
E) xanthine
B) NADPH
Why do dieters who follow the Atkins diet (a diet high in fat and protein and very low in carbohydrate) sometimes suffer from bad breath? (Hint: The odorous component of the breath is acetone.)
A) The liver is converting fatty acids to ketone bodies.
B) T
A) The liver is converting fatty acids to ketone bodies.
What type and number of cofactors are required to fix one CO2 molecule?
A) 3 ATP and 2 NADPH
B) 2 ATP and 3 NADPH
D) 2 ATP and 3 NADH
C) 3 ATP and 2 NADH
A) 3 ATP and 2 NADPH
The initial effect of insulin binding on muscle cells is the translocation of ______.
A) GLUT 4
B) ?-adrenergic receptors
C) ?-adrenergicreceptors
D) adenylatecyclase
E) G proteins
A) GLUT 4
The lack of which hormone gene causes severe obesity in humans and mice?
A) leptin
B) ephinephrine
C) adiponectin
D) resisting
E) glucagon
A) leptin
Urea and other waste products are excreted by the ______.
A) Cori cycle
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) adipocytes
E) muscles
B) kidneys
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of ______ metabolism.
A) carbohydrate
B) fatty acid
C) both carbohydrate and fatty acid
C) both carbohydrate and fatty acid
Insulin binding initiates a cascade that eventuates in the activation of _____.
A) protein phosphatase
B) glycogen phosphorylase
C) glycogen synthase
D) Both A and C
E) Both B and C
D) Both A and C
The ? cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete ______ in response to ______ glucose levels; the ? cells release _____ in response in response to ____ glucose levels.
A) insulin, low; glucagon, low
B) insulin, high; glucagon, low
C) glucagon, low; insulin
B) insulin, high; glucagon, low
The reaction of adenylate cyclase produces the molecule
A) IP3
B) ATP
C) glucose-1-phosphate
D) cAMP
D) cAMP
Where does the electron originate that is passed from PSII to plastocyanin?
A) H2O
B) P680 chlorophyll
C) P700 chlorophyll
D) NADPH
B) P680 chlorophyll
The oxygen evolving center:
A) is a part of PSII known as the water splitting enzyme.
B) breaks 2 H2O molecules into four protons, four electrons and O2.
C) requiresfourlight-dependentreactions.
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C
E) A, B, and C
Which cycle is properly paired with its purpose?
A) The Cori cycle functions to transfer nitrogen to the liver.
B) The glucose-alanine cycle functions to breaks down glycogen in the liver.
C) The Cori cycle functions to synthesize glucose in the liver to
C) The Cori cycle functions to synthesize glucose in the liver to replenish glucose in muscle.
The control point in cholesterol synthesis is the production of _______ .
A) isoprene
B) squalene
C) acetyl-CoA
D) mevalonate
E) ?-ketoglutarate
D) mevalonate
In plants and cyanobacteria, Photosystem II ______, and Photosystem I ______.
A) oxidizes H2O, reduces NAD+
B) oxidizes H2O, reduces NADP+
C) oxidizes O2, reduces FAD
D) oxidizes H2O, reduces FAD
E) none of the above are true
B) oxidizes H2O, reduces NADP+
Which of the following would be a proper representation of the net reaction of the Calvin cycle?
A) 3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + H2O ? Gly-3-P + 9ADP + 8Pi + 6 NADP+
B) 6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH ? 2 Gly-3-P + 18 ADP + 16 Pi + 12 NADP+
C) 3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NA
C) 3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH ? Gly-3-P + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+
Predict the effect of an uncoupler (dissipates proton gradient) on the production of ATP and NADPH by a chloroplast.
A) ATP and NADPH production both decrease
B) ATP and NADPH production are both unchanged
C) ATP production decreases and NADPH production
C) ATP production decreases and NADPH production is unchanged
The activated electrons from PSI (Photosystem I) have two possible functions:
A) reduction of NAD+ or reduction of NADP+.
B) formation of ATP or entry in the citric acid cycle.
C) reduction of NADP+ or formation of a proton gradient.
D) reduction of NAD+
C) reduction of NADP+ or formation of a proton gradient.
_________a product of the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, is converted to _________ and enters ___________.
A) Propionyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, urea cycle
B) Propionyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, citric acid cycle
C) malonyl-CoA,succinyl-CoA, citricacidcycle
D) Pr
B) Propionyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, citric acid cycle
What is the purpose of the carnitine transporter shuttle system?
A) To build up a positively charged carnitine gradient across the membrane.
B) To transport the CoA portion of acyl-CoA molecules across the membrane.
C) To transport the acyl portion of acy
C) To transport the acyl portion of acyl-CoA molecules across the membrane.
During fatty acid oxidation methylene groups are oxidized to carbonyl groups, yet no oxygen (O2) is
consumed by the reactions of fatty acid oxidation. How is this possible?
A) the oxygen is derived from a hydroxyl group on the co-factor
B) the oxygen is d
C) the oxygen is derived from water
The source of NADPH for synthesis of fatty acids is __________________.
A) citric acid cycle
B) glycolysis
C) pentose phosphate pathway
D) electron transport
E) none of the above
C) pentose phosphate pathway
The addition of two-carbon units to a growing fatty acid chain includes the
A) reduction of NADP+
B) oxidation of NADH
C) hydrolysis of ATP
D) decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA
E) none of the above
D) decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA
Why do unsaturated fatty acids yield less energy than saturated fatty acids?
A) They contain fewer carbons.
B) The double bond position bypasses the acyl CoA dehydrogenase step.
C) The position of the double bond requires an additional step that reduces t
E) B and C
Protein kinase A is responsible for ___________.
A) Activating glycogen synthase and inactivating phosphorylase kinase
B) Inactivating glycogen synthase and activating phosphorylase kinase
C) Activating glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase
D) Inact
B) Inactivating glycogen synthase and activating phosphorylase kinase
Where do the amine groups originate that are incorporated into a urea molecule?
A) Gln and Asp
B) Glu and Asp
C) Glu and Ala
D) Asp and Lys
E) Gly and Asp
B) Glu and Asp
Which of the pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis builds the base ring on a PRPP molecule?
A) Purine
B) Pyrimidine
C) Both purine and pyrimidine
A) Purine
Which of the following statements concerning glutamine synthetase is FALSE?
A) It consumes ATP in its reaction.
B) It incorporates ammonia into a biological molecule.
C) It in corporates an amine group into a keto acid.
D) Its activity is tightly regulate
C) It in corporates an amine group into a keto acid.
Ketogenic amino acids are enzymatically broken down to acetoacetate or______.
A) citrulline
B) acetone
C) pyruvate
D) hydroxybutarate
E) acetyl-CoA
E) acetyl-CoA
The neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are synthesized from the amino acid ______.
A) tryptophan
B) tyrosine
C) phenylalanine
D) glutamine
E) aspartate
B) tyrosine
The nitrogen atom added to IMP to form AMP is from ____, and to form GMP is from ______.
A) Asp, Phe
B) Gln, Phe
C) Asp, Gln
D) Gly, Asp
E) none of the above
C) Asp, Gln
Which of the following participates in AMP synthesis from the precursor IMP?
A) ATP and Gln
B) GTP and Asp
C) ATP and Asp
D) GTP and Gln
B) GTP and Asp
An "activating" CO2 reacts with a Lys side chain on rubisco to carboxylate it. The carboxylation reaction is favored at pH.
A) High
B) Low
C) Neutral
A) High
What is the net effect of the glucose-alanine cycle?
A) The transfer of free energy from muscles to the liver
B) The transfer of free energy from the liver to muscles
C) The transfer of nitrogen from the liver to muscles
D) The transfer of nitrogen from m
D) The transfer of nitrogen from muscles to the liver
Complete this reaction:
UTP + Glutamine + ATP + H2O ? Glutamate + ADP + Pi + ______
A) CTP
B) ATP
C) GTP
D) UDP
A) CTP
Glucose is the preferred fuel of muscles because it can be metabolized under ______ conditions.
A) alkaline
B) low temperature
C) anaerobic
D) low pH
E) high temperature
C) anaerobic
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) lack mitochondria. What would be the primary pathway for generating A TP?
A) fatty acid oxidation
B) gluoneogenesis
C) amino acid catabolism
D) glycolysis
E) citric acid cycle
D) glycolysis
The metabolic fate(s) of glucose-6-phosphate include:
A) glycogen and glucose.
B) ribose-5-phosphate and acetyl-CoA.
C) DNA and RNA.
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C
E) A, B, and C
Which enzyme is the better sensor of glucose concentration?
A) hexokinase
B) glucokinase
B) glucokinase
What is the net "energy cost" in ATP of running the Cori cycle?How is the ATP obtained?
A) 4 ATP are generated from amino acid catabolism
B) 2 ATP are generated from fatty acid oxidation
C) 4 ATP are generated from fatty acid oxidation
D) 2 ATP are genera
C) 4 ATP are generated from fatty acid oxidation
How many protons accumulate in the thylakoid lumen in the production of 1 O2 and 2 NADPH?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12
E) 14
D) 12
Does the quantum yield of photosynthesis increase or decrease (or neither) for systems where the CFo
component of ATP synthase contains more c subunits?
A) The quantum yield decreases.
B) The quantum yield increases.
C) There is no change in the quantum y
A) The quantum yield decreases
How many ATP-equivalent molecules will be generated by ? oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 17 carbons? (1 QH2 = 1.5 ATP; 1 NAD(P)H = 2.5 ATP)
A) 112.5 ATP
B) 114.5 ATP
C) 115.5 ATP
D) 117 ATP
E) none of the above
A) 112.5 ATP
The first three reactions (#1,#2,#3) of the ? oxidation pathway are similar to three reactions of the citric acid cycle. Which reactions are these?
A) oxaloacetate -> citrate -> isocitrate -> a-ketoglutarate
B) citrate -> isocitrate -> a-ketogluratate ->
C) succinate -> fumarate -> malate -> oxaloacetate
The reversible glutamate dehydrogenase reaction functions as an anaplerotic reaction for the TCA cycle by generating ______.
A) ?-ketoglutarate
B) pyruvate
C) oxaloacetate
D) malate
A) ?-ketoglutarate