organic acid
a COOH group replaces a hydrogen atom
Alcohol
-OH (hydroxy group)
Aldehyde
C=O (carbonyl group)
Halide
-X (halo group)
Halogen bonded to carbon
Amide
-CONH2, -CONHR, -CONR2
Amine
-NH2 (amino group)
Carboxylic acid
-COOH (carboxyl group)
Ester
-COOR
Ether
-OR (alkoxy group)
Ketone
-C=O (carbonyl group)