Organic Chemistry 2019- Ms. Hawkinson

Organic Chemistry

�Chemistry of carbon, the compounds it makes and the reactions it undergoes
�Carbon
-undergoes multiple bonds
-To itself and other atoms (Catenation)
�Bonds in chains and rings

Hydrocarbons

� Contain only hydrogen and carbon
� Nonpolar
- London dispersion= IMF
- ?EN= small

Alkanes

Definition: A hydrocarbon with only single bonds.
- Most (low molecular weight) are gases / liquids with low b.p.
- straight-chain or branched

Straight / continuous chain alkanes

Definition: All carbons bonded in a row (to each other)

Types of formulas

� Empirical formula: Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
- Calculate from % composition data
� Molecular formula: Actual number of atoms in a molecule
- Multiple of the empirical formula
- Shows nothing about how atoms are connected
� Struc

How to name alkanes

Suffix= ane
Prefixes (# of carbons)
1- meth
2- eth
3- prop
4- but
5- pent
6- hex
7- hept
8- oct
9- non
10- dec

Branched chain alkanes

� Substituent: An atom (or group of atoms) that are substituted for a hydrogen
� Longest continuous chain in an alkane - parent hydrocarbon
- All other carbons - substituents

Alkyl groups

Definition: Hydrocarbon substituent
How to name them:
1- Remove the -ane ending and replace it with -yl

Naming branched chain alkanes

1- Find parent chain
2- Number the carbons in the chain.
Start at the end that will give the groups attached to the chain the smallest numbers
3- Numbers identify position of the alkyl groups
4-Use prefixes to indicate same group more than once
(2, 2-dime

Isomers

Structural isomers- same molecular formula but different structural formula.
atoms joined in a different order

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