ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion...
Occurs in the F1 portion of ATP synthase that projects into the mitochondrial matrix
The average yield of ATP from the oxidation of NADH/H+ and FADH2 in mitochondrial respiration is...
2.5 and 1.5, respectively
The reaction catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase is an example of...
Phosphorylation of substrate coupled with hydrolysis of ATP
The complete oxidation of glucose produces, on average, 30 ATP in skeletal muscle and brain tissue compared with 32 in liver, heart, and kidney because...
The glycerol-phosphate shuttle in skeletal muscle and brain tissue shuttles protons and electrons from cystolic NADH/H+ to mitochondrial FAD against a transmembrane NADH gradient
Regulation of enzymatic activity by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is...
covalent modification
Glycogen phosphorylation b in skeletal muscle...
is activated by phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase A
glycogenesis is...
an anabolic process
unlike the malate shuttle for transport of oxaloacetate into the cytosol followed by conversion to PEP, conversion of oxaloacetate to PEP directly within the mitochondrion...
does not generate NADH/H+
The carboxylation/decarboxylation cycle represented by successive reactions catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase...
operates close to equilibrium (i.e. delta-G ~0)
An allosteric activator of PFK-1 in glycolysis that functions as an allosteric inhibitor in gluconeogenesis is...
Frustose-2,6-bisphosphate
The two nitrogens in urea arise directly from:
carbamoyl phosphate and aspartic acid
a molecule synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix and transported to the cytosol for subsequent reaction in the urea cycle is...
citrulline
In the urea cycle, the molecule that is synthesized in the cytosol and transported to the mitochondrial matrix for subsequent reaction is...
ornithine
the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is...
catalyzed by an ATP-dependent carboxylase
conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-P...
is a reductive reaction coupled with oxidation of NADH to NAD+
The primary source of pyruvate for use in gluconeogenesis is...
carbon skeletons from amino acid catabolism
a combination of decreased activity of phosphofructokinase-2 and increased activity of fructose-bisphosphate-2...
results from phosphorylation of these enzymes by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase
The production of lactate from anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate...
regenerates NAD+ that is needed for the reaction catalysed by glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase in glycolysis
Release of newly synthesized ATP from ATP synthase results from...
conformational change in the alpha and beta subunits that results from proton flux through the c subunit
oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is inhibited by elevated concentration of...
NADH/H+
In the pentose phosphate metabolism, if a cell requires reducing power for anabolic reactions but not ribose-5-phosphate for RNA synthesis, it can undertake...
the oxidative rxns, "shuffling" rxns, and gluconeogenesis
In the pentose phosphate metabolism, if a cell requires ribose-5-phosphate for RNA synthesis, but not reducing power for anabolic reactions, it can undertake...
The glycolytic reactions and reversal of "shuffling" reactions, and gluconeogenesis
The bond linking a fatty acid to coenzyme A is...
thioester
Which of the following statements below about the activation of fatty acids is false?
activation is accompaned by hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi
The carrier molecule which transports fatty acids through the inner mitochondrial membrane is...
carnitine
The reactions involved in beta-oxidation of fatty acids include the following:
1. formation of C-C double bond
2. hydration of double bond
3. oxidation of an alcohol
4. cleavage of acetyl-CoA from the fatty acid
reduction reactions during fatty acid synthesis utilize which electron carrier?
NADPH/ H+
The addition of two-carbon units to a growing fatty acid chain is directly driven by...
decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA
The first committed precursor in the pathway for the synthesis of cholesterol is...
mevalonic acid
the ultimate precursor of all the carbon atoms in steroids is...
Succinyl-CoA (succinyl group)
The conversion of alpha-ketogluterate to glutamate is...
a reductive amination
The urea cycle is linked to the citric acid cycle by which intermediate...
fumarate
When is propionyl-CoA carboxylase required for the complete oxidation of a fatty acid?
when it has an odd # of carbon
The human lipoproteins with the lowest density are...
chylomicrons
Where in the cell does fatty acid synthesis occur?
cytoplasm
A coenzyme frequently encountered in transamination reactions is...
pyridoxal phosphate
the committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis is catalyzed by...
HMG-CoA reductase
pyridoxal phosphate forms a schiff base with amino groups in transaminase reactions...
true
schiff base
compound with a functional group that contains a carbon-nitrogen bond with the nitrogen atom connected to an acyl or alkyl group, not a hydrogen
beta oxidation cleaves off this molecule
acetyl-CoA
organic acid that helps in transport of acyl-CoA
carnitine
precursor of cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA
FA activation releases this and AMP
pyrophosphate
beta oxidation of odd numbered FA gives...
propionyl-CoA
no glucose and no OAA triggers
ketosis
lengthen FA past synthesis
elongases
fatty acid synthase is a..
homodimer
reducing power in FA synthesis...
NADPH