A complete canvas of a population is called
a. a sample.
b. a census.
c. a sampling frame.
d. a universe.
e. none of the above.
B
Samples are often used to infer something about a population rather than canvassing the population itself because
a. they are typically cheaper than complete counts.
b. they are typically faster than complete counts.
c. they are typically more accurate th
E
All of the following are reasons why a researcher might choose a sample over a census for making inferences about population, except
a. a census may not be plausible.
b. samples are less expensive.
c. a census has less nonsampling error.
d. a census is le
c. a census has less nonsampling error.
The first step that must be executed in drawing a sample is to
a. determine the sample size.
b. define the population.
c. select a sampling procedure.
d. select the sample elements.
e. identify the sampling frame.
b. define the population.
In order to define a population, the researcher needs to specify
a. the geographic boundaries of the population.
b. which elements are not of interest.
c. the time period for the study.
d. a and b.
e. a, b, and c.
e. a, b, and c.
The following list contains the six-step procedure for drawing a sample. Select the
proper order for this procedure.
A. Collect the data from the designated elements.
B. Identify the sampling frame.
C. Define the population.
D. Determine the sample size.
d. C,B,E,D,F,A
A sampling frame
a. is a list of population elements from which the sample will be drawn.
b. is the list of population elements actually included in the sample.
c. usually provides biased statistics.
d. is a form of probability sampling.
e. is a form of n
a. is a list of population elements from which the sample will be drawn.
Which of the following is not a problem with using a phone book for a sampling frame?
a. unlisted phone numbers
b. not all homes have phones
c. double counting homes with multiple phone numbers
d. the phone book is always outdated
e. all of the above are
e. all of the above are true
The distinguishing feature of probability samples is that
a. they involve personal judgment somewhere in the selection of sample elements.
b. each population element has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
c. each population element has an eq
d. each population element has a known chance of being included in the sample.
In probability samples, the probabilities of each element must be
a. known
b. unequal
c. equal
d. known and equal
e. known and unequal
a. known
Sampling plans fall under the following basic categories:
a. probability
b. area
c. nonprobability
d. a and b
e. a and c
e. a and c
All of the following are probability sampling plans EXCEPT
a. quota
b. area
c. cluster
d. disproportionate stratified
e. systematic
a. quota
Which of the following is NOT a nonprobability sample?
a. quota
b. convenience
c. cluster
d. judgment
e. All of the above are nonprobability samples.
c. cluster
The distinguishing feature of nonprobability sampling plans is that
a. they allow an assessment of sampling error
b. they are not as representative of the population as probability samples
c. they involve personal judgement somewhere in the selection of s
c. they involve personal judgement somewhere in the selection of sample elements
While giving guidelines to her field interviewing staff, a researcher states, "I want you to interview every tenth customer entering a K mart store at the following key sites."
This is an example of __ sampling.
a. judgement
b. quota
c. sequential
d. simp
e. convenience.
One of the major problems with the mail surveys is nonresponse bias. In an effort to minimize this, a researcher decides to limit the sample to his personal friends from whom he is sure to get replies. This is an example of a
a. probability sample.
b. non
b. nonprobability sample.
Judgment samples are distinguished by the fact that
a. the proportion of those possessing a given characteristic are balanced against the proportion of the population possessing the characteristic.
b. those entering the sample happen to be where the study
d. the sample elements are handpicked by the investigator because it is expected they can offer the contributions sought.
Snowball samples are an example of
a. convenience sampling.
b. judgement sampling.
c. quota sampling.
d. simple random sampling.
e. stratified sampling.
d. simple random sampling.
Quota samples are typically selected so that the distribution of a characteristic or characteristics in the sample matches the distribution of these same characteristic(s) in the population. With respect to the representativeness of quota samples, it can
d. a and b are true.
A researcher wants to study the effects of social class on consumption behavior. He establishes three different categories of social class in terms of amount of income. He then assigns each field worker a specified number of interviews with people in each
d. quota sampling.
The weaknesses of a quota sample include
a. the sample could be skewed with respect to a noncontrol characteristic that is likely to affect the observed variable.
b. interviewers are allowed to choose their subjects and interview locations.
c. it is diffi
e. a, b, and c.
Which of the following is TRUE?
a. The controls for a quota sample are usually chosen on the basis that (1) they are believed to be correlated with the characteristic to be studied, and (2) reasonably up-to-date information on their distribution within th
a. The controls for a quota sample are usually chosen on the basis that (1) they are believed to be correlated with the characteristic to be studied, and (2) reasonably up-to-date information on their distribution within the universe is available.
A researcher wants to be able to assess the amount of sampling error associated with an estimate. Which of the following sampling methods would you recommend he use?
a. convenience
b. quota
c. nonprobability
d. probability
e. judgment
d. probability
Which of the following regarding probability samples is FALSE?
a. Evaluation of the precision of a sample result is important to most researchers and therefore they seek to use probability samples whenever possible.
b. In general, probability sampling req
d. One real advantage that probability samples have over nonprobability samples is their greater economic efficiency.
A problem with nonprobability samples is
a. they are always more representative than nonprobability samples.
b. one cannot assess the amount of sampling error likely to occur.
c. there is no problem with using nonprobability samples
d. a and b are both tr
b. one cannot assess the amount of sampling error likely to occur.
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for simple random sampling?
a. Each element has a known chance of being selected.
b. Each element has a non-zero chance of being selected.
c. Each element has an equal chance of being selected.
d. Each combination of n p
e. All of the above are true statements.
The distinguishing feature of a simple random sample is (are)
a. each population element has a known chance of being selected.
b. each population element has an equal chance of being selected.
c. every combination of n population elements is a sample poss
e. a, b, and c.
The sampling distribution of a statistic refers to
a. the distribution of all possible sample values of the statistic that could be drawn from the parent population under the specified sampling plan.
b. the distribution of the variable in the parent popul
a. the distribution of all possible sample values of the statistic that could be drawn from the parent population under the specified sampling plan.
A(n) _ statistic is one whose __ value from all possible distinguishable samples under the sampling plan is equal to the parameter it estimates.
a. biased; median
b. efficient; average
c. unbiased; mean
d. sample; biased
e. unbiased; extreme
c. unbiased; mean
Which of the following statements is true?
a. A sampling distribution is the probability distribution of elements from a particular sample.
b. The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means.
c. The sa
e. Both b and d are true.
Which of the following is needed before a confidence interval can be established for a population mean?
a. a confidence level
b. a point estimate of the population mean
c. an estimate of the sampling error associated with the sample mean
d. all of the abo
d. all of the above
The variance of the sample means is related to the population variance by which of the following expressions when sampling without replacement from a finite population?
a. o_2 = (o 2/n)[(N-n)/(N-1)]
b. o_2 = (oz/n)
c. of = (oz/n)N
d. of = o 2
e. None of t
a. o_2 = (o 2/n)[(N-n)/(N-1)]
For simple random sampling the mean of all possible sample means is equal to the population mean when which of the following conditions is true? Choose the best possible answer.
a. Sampling is with replacement.
b. Sampling is with or without replacement.
e. Sampling is with or without replacement and from an infinite or finite population.
Suppose a researcher has constructed a 95 percent confidence interval using the formula, [SEE BOOK]. The interval means that
a. there is a 95 percent probability that the population mean is within the established interval.
b. 95 percent of the sample valu
d. 95 percent of the intervals constructed employing this procedure would contain the true population mean and this interval is hopefully one of those 95 out of 100.
The feature that distinguishes stratified sampling from other forms of probability sampling is that
a. only stratified samples involve partitioning the parent population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets.
b. only stratified samples allow the
d. only stratified samples involve partitioning the parent population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets and selecting a simple random sample from each subset.
Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to stratified sampling?
a. A stratified random sample is drawn by dividing the parent population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets and by then taking a random sample of these subsets.
b.
a. A stratified random sample is drawn by dividing the parent population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets and by then taking a random sample of these subsets.
A researcher divides the population of the purchasers of brand X into heavy and light users. He then chooses a random sample independently from each group. This is an example of _ sampling.
a. nonprobability
b. random
c. judgmental
d. stratified
e. quota
d. stratified
The advantages of stratified over simple random sampling include
a. stratified sampling ensures adequate representation from each stratum of interest.
b. stratified sampling can produce more precise sample statistics.
c. stratified sampling allows for the
e. all of the above.
Which of the following is the best criterion to use to partition owners of sports cars?
a. income
b. age
c. gender
d. occupation
e. education
b. age
Under which of the following conditions can the population mean be estimated without error employing a stratified sample?
a. when the population is partitioned so that the number of elements in each stratum is proportional to size of the sample to be take
b. when the population is partitioned so that the elements in each stratum are equal
The interesting thing about confidence intervals established employing stratified sampling is that
a. the within-strata variability does not enter into the calculation of the standard error of estimate.
b. the between-strata variability does not enter int
b. the between-strata variability does not enter into the calculation of the standard error of estimate.
With proportionate stratified sampling, the number of elements selected from each stratum
a. is in direct proportion to the relative number of elements in each stratum in the population.
b. is in direct proportion to the relative variability of the charac
a. is in direct proportion to the relative number of elements in each stratum in the population.
The criteria that need to be balanced when choosing a disproportionate stratified sample are
a. strata size.
b. strata heterogeneity.
c. strata variances on the variable of interest.
d. a and b.
e. a, b, and c.
e. a, b, and c.
You know that consumers with high incomes show a much greater variability in their consumption of a given good than those with low incomes. What type of sample would produce the most efficient estimate of the average consumption per individual?
a. simple
b. disproportionate stratified sample
A market researcher divides the Dallas metropolitan area into blocks having roughly equal populations. He then selects a random sample of blocks and sends interviewers to each block. The interviewers are instructed to interview every eighth dwelling unit.
b. two-stage cluster
Systematic sampling is a form of
a. cluster sampling.
b. stratified sampling.
c. quota sampling.
d. convenience sampling.
e. simple random sampling.
a. cluster sampling.
Which of the following types of probability samples does not require a complete list of population elements by name in order to draw a sample?
a. stratified sample
b. systematic sample
c. simple random sample
d. cluster sample
e. quota sample
d. cluster sample
When using area sampling, a researcher should seek a balance between statistical efficiency which suggests __ and economic considerations which suggest
a. the need for accuracy; that benefits he considered
b. a small number of areas be used; few areas be
c. a large number of areas he used; few areas he used
A researcher divides the city of Flint, Michigan, into 500 blocks of 10 households each. He requires a sample of 400 households. He then selects his sample by choosing 100 blocks and 4 households per block. This is an example of
a. systematic sampling
b.
b. two-stage area sampling
In the previous example, the researcher selects his sample by choosing 50 blocks and 8 households per block. The second stage sampling fraction is
a. 8/10
b. 1/8
c. 1/10
d. 1/2
e. indeterminate
a. 8/10
Probability-proportional-to-size sampling requires that
a. a certain proportion of second-stage units be selected from each first-stage unit.
b. a fixed number of second-stage units be selected from each first-stage unit selected.
c. a variable ratio of f
b. a fixed number of second-stage units be selected from each first-stage unit selected.
A researcher, in attempting to sample the population of Cleveland, decides to select five households for each block designated for inclusion in the sample. The blocks themselves are to be selected with variable probabilities depending on their size. This
d. probability-proportional-to-size area sampling.